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Table 2 Factors related to the use of tramadol or stronger opioids compared with non-use in knee OA patients

From: Factors related to the use of opioids as early treatment in patients with knee osteoarthritis

Variables

Tramadol (OR, 95% CI)

Stronger opioids (OR, 95% CI)

Year

 2013 (reference)

1

1

 2014

1.00 (0.99–1.01)

1.40 (1.26–1.56)

 2015

0.98 (0.97–0.99)

1.14 (1.02–1.28)

Age

 50–59 (reference)

1

1

 60–69

0.97 (0.96–0.98)

0.99 (0.87–1.12)

 ≥ 70

1.01 (1.00–1.02)

1.45 (1.29–1.63)

Sex

 Female (reference)

1

1

 Male

1.28 (1.27–1.29)

1.13 (1.03–1.24)

Health insurance

 Medical aid/veterans (reference)

1

1

 National insurance

0.94 (0.93–0.96)

0.73 (0.64–0.83)

Type of institution

 Hospital/clinic (reference)

1

1

 Tertiary hospital

1.04 (1.01–1.07)

59.63 (52.27–68.04)

 General hospital

0.97 (0.96–0.99)

21.19 (18.90–23.75)

 Others

0.12 (0.12–0.13)

0.06 (0.02–0.13)

Type of department

 Internal medicine (reference)

1

1

 Orthopedics

1.00 (0.99–1.01)

0.46 (0.41–0.52)

 Rehabilitation

0.81 (0.79–0.84)

0.30 (0.23–0.40)

 Others

0.95 (0.94–0.97)

0.87 (0.76–1.01)

Myocardial infarction

0.96 (0.93–0.99)

1.12 (0.84–1.51)

Congestive heart failure

1.01 (1.00–1.03)

1.08 (0.93–1.26)

Peripheral vascular disease

1.04 (1.03–1.05)

1.07 (0.95–1.20)

Dementia

0.98 (0.97–1.00)

1.24 (1.07–1.43)

Chronic pulmonary disease

1.00 (0.99–1.01)

1.16 (1.06–1.28)

Peptic ulcer disease

1.03 (1.02–1.04)

1.09 (0.99–1.20)

Diabetes

0.97 (0.96–0.98)

1.21 (1.10–1.33)

Any malignancy

0.87 (0.85–0.88)

2.91 (2.60–3.25)

Alcohol abuse

1.01 (0.99–1.04)

1.39 (1.10–1.75)

Depression

1.05 (1.04–1.06)

1.46 (1.31–1.62)

Low back pain

1.13 (1.12–1.13)

1.30 (1.18–1.43)

Intervertebral disc disorder

1.11 (1.10–1.12)

1.40 (1.26–1.56)

Spinal stenosis

1.27 (1.26–1.28)

1.55 (1.40–1.72)

Fibromyalgia

1.13 (1.10–1.16)

0.93 (0.69–1.26)

  1. OA osteoarthritis, OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval