High risk of gastrointestinal hemorrhage in patients with systemic sclerosis

Table 3 Risk factors associated with gastrointestinal bleeding among all the enrollees by using univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses

Variables	Univariate analysis			Multivariate analysis^a
Variables	HR	95% CI	p	HR	95% CI	p
All gastrointestinal bleeding	3.73	2.83–4.92	< 0.001	2.98	2.21–4.02	< 0.001
Upper gastrointestinal bleeding	3.50	2.48–4.94	< 0.001	2.80	1.92–4.08	< 0.001
Peptic ulcer bleeding	3.03	2.03–4.53	< 0.001	2.52	1.64–3.88	< 0.001
Non-peptic ulcer bleeding	4.79	3.16–7.27	< 0.001	3.57	2.27–5.61	< 0.001
Lower gastrointestinal bleeding	5.14	3.40–7.77	< 0.001	3.93	2.52–6.13	< 0.001

Abbreviations: HR hazard ratio, CI confidence interval
^aEach variable was adjusted for age, sex, comorbidities, concomitant medications, competing mortality, and time-dependent covariate

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