Table 1 Baseline characteristics of REGARDS study participants included in the current analysis
Baseline characteristics | Participants without gout (n = 5526) | Participants with gout (n = 187) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|
Age, years, mean (SD) | 72.5 (5.6) | 73.8 (6.1) | 0.003 |
Black, n (%) | 1711 (31.0) | 83 (44.4) | < 0.001 |
Men, n (%) | 2440 (44.2) | 123 (65.8) | < 0.001 |
Region of residence, n (%)* | |||
 Stroke belt | 1995 (36.1) | 61 (32.6) |  |
 Stroke buckle | 1258 (22.8) | 50 (26.7) | 0.39 |
 Other US regions | 2273 (41.1) | 76 (40.6) |  |
< $25,000 annual income, n (%) | 1790 (34.4) | 57 (32.0) | 0.51 |
Less than high school education, n (%) | 727 (13.2) | 38 (20.3) | 0.005 |
Alcohol consumption, n (%) | |||
 None | 3527 (65.1) | 117 (63.9) |  |
 Moderate | 1669 (30.8) | 59 (32.2) | 0.90 |
 Heavy | 225 (4.2) | 7 (3.8) |  |
Current smoking, n (%) | 485 (8.8) | 12 (6.5) | 0.26 |
Body mass index, n (%) | |||
 < 25 kg/m2 | 1749 (31.8) | 27 (14.6) |  |
 25 to < 30 kg/m2 | 2182 (39.7) | 67 (36.2) | < 0.001 |
 ≥ 30 kg/m2 | 1572 (28.6) | 91 (49.2) |  |
Low physical activity, n (%)†| 1794 (33.1) | 74 (40.7) | 0.03 |
Dietary patterns | |||
 Convenience |  |  |  |
  0 to < 25 percentile (least adherent) | 1080 (25.2) | 25 (19.4) |  |
  25 to < 50 percentile | 1074 (25.0) | 31 (24.0) | 0.19 |
  50 to < 75 percentile | 1074 (25.0) | 31 (24.0) |  |
  75 to 100 percentile (most adherent) | 1063 (24.8) | 42 (32.6) |  |
 Plant-based |  |  |  |
  0 to < 25 percentile (least adherent) | 1070 (24.9) | 35 (27.1) |  |
  25 to < 50 percentile | 1066 (24.8) | 39 (30.2) | 0.22 |
  50 to < 75 percentile | 1073 (25.0) | 32 (24.8) |  |
  75 to 100 percentile (most adherent) | 1082 (25.2) | 23 (17.8) |  |
 Sweets |  |  |  |
  0 to < 25 percentile (least adherent) | 1062 (24.7) | 43 (33.3) |  |
  25 to < 50 percentile | 1080 (25.2) | 25 (19.4) | 0.13 |
 50 to < 75 percentile | 1076 (25.1) | 29 (22.5) |  |
  75 to 100 percentile (most adherent) | 1073 (25.0) | 32 (24.8) |  |
 Southern |  |  |  |
  0 to < 25 percentile (least adherent) | 1088 (25.4) | 17 (13.2) |  |
  25 to < 50 percentile | 1082 (25.2) | 23 (17.8) | < 0.001 |
  50 to < 75 percentile | 1068 (24.9) | 37 (28.7) |  |
  75 to 100 percentile (most adherent) | 1053 (24.5) | 52 (40.3) |  |
 Alcohol and salads |  |  |  |
  0 to < 25 percentile (least adherent) | 1072 (25.0) | 33 (25.6) |  |
  25 to < 50 percentile | 1073 (25.0) | 32 (24.8) | 0.79 |
  50 to < 75 percentile | 1077 (25.1) | 28 (21.7) |  |
  75 to 100 percentile (most adherent) | 1069 (24.9) | 36 (27.9) |  |
Diabetes, n (%) | 903 (16.9) | 52 (29.4) | < 0.001 |
Chronic kidney disease, n (%) | 1266 (23.1) | 85 (45.9) | < 0.001 |
Atrial fibrillation, n (%) | 384 (7.1) | 15 (8.3) | 0.55 |
SBP, mm Hg, mean (SD) | 129.5 (16.4) | 132.6 (15.4) | 0.01 |
Total cholesterol, mg/dL, mean (SD) | 193.2 (38.2) | 182.5 (39.5) | < 0.001 |
HDL cholesterol, mg/dL, mean (SD) | 53.6 (16.6) | 46.7 (17.2) | < 0.001 |
C-reactive protein > 3 mg/dL, n (%) | 1862 (35.7) | 94 (54.7) | < 0.001 |
Medication use, n (%) | |||
 Antihypertensive medication | 2764 (50.7) | 132 (70.6) | < 0.001 |
 Diuretics | 1480 (26.8) | 57 (30.5) | 0.26 |
 Statin | 1590 (28.8) | 55 (29.4) | 0.85 |
 Aspirin | 2476 (44.8) | 82 (43.9) | 0.79 |
 COX-2-selective NSAIDs | 423 (7.7) | 22 (11.8) | 0.04 |
 Non-COX-2-selective NSAIDs | 828 (15.0) | 30 (16.0) | 0.69 |
 Antigout medications‡ |  |  |  |
  Allopurinol | 46 (0.8) | 63 (33.7) | < 0.001 |
  Colchicine | 17 (0.3) | 15 (8.0) | < 0.001 |
  Probenecid | 2 (0.0) | 3 (1.6) | < 0.001 |