Gout is associated with an increased risk for incident heart failure among older adults: the REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) cohort study

Table 3 Risk for heart failure hospitalization with reduced and preserved LVEF among REGARDS study participants

	Participants without gout (n = 5526)	Participants with gout (n = 187)	p value
HF hospitalization with reduced LVEF
Events/person-years	92/50,163	8/1522
Incidence rate (95% CI)*	1.8 (1.5, 2.2)	5.3 (1.6, 8.9)
Hazard ratio (95% CI)
Model 1	1 (reference)	2.41 (1.16, 5.01)	0.02
Model 2	1 (reference)	2.49 (1.20, 5.17)	0.01
Model 3	1 (reference)	2.17 (1.03, 4.59)	0.04
Model 4	1 (reference)	1.77 (0.83, 3.79)	0.14
HF hospitalization with preserved LVEF
Events/person-years	99/50,163	9/1522
Incidence rate (95% CI)*	2.0 (1.6, 2.4)	5.9 (2.1, 9.8)
Hazard ratio (95% CI)
Model 1	1 (reference)	2.93 (1.46, 5.85)	< 0.001
Model 2	1 (reference)	2.85 (1.42, 5.70)	< 0.001
Model 3	1 (reference)	2.56 (1.25, 5.22)	0.01
Model 4	1 (reference)	2.32 (1.12, 4.79)	0.02

Model 1 adjusts for age, race, and gender
Model 2 adjusts for age, race, gender, region of residence, income, and education
Model 3 adjusts for variables in model 2 plus alcohol consumption, current smoking, body mass index, physical activity, and dietary patterns
Model 4 adjusts for variables in model 3 plus diabetes, chronic kidney disease, atrial fibrillation, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, C-reactive protein, and use of antihypertensive medication, diuretics, statin, aspirin, and cyclooxygenase-2-selective and non-cyclooxygenase-2-selective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
The LVEF could not be determined for 35 incident heart failure hospitalizations
CI confidence interval, HF heart failure, LVEF left ventricular ejection fraction, REGARDS REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke
*Per 1000 person-years

ISSN: 1478-6362