Obstructive sleep apnea and the risk of gout: a population-based case-control study

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of cases and matched controls

Characteristics	Cases		Controls
Characteristics	N = 111,509	%	N = 210,241	%
No. of females	30,461	27.3	58,715	27.9
Age (mean, [SD], years)	62.8	13.3	62.5	13.3
By class
18–49	22,050	19.8	43,103	20.5
49–59	25,927	23.3	50,025	23.8
60–69	26,127	23.4	48,424	23.0
≥ 70	37,405	33.5	68,689	32.7
Smoking status
Never	46,790	42.0	86,764	41.3
Current	16,077	14.4	39,182	18.6
Ex	38,146	34.2	54,754	26.0
Missing	10,496	9.4	29,541	14.1
BMI, kg/m² (mean [SD])	29	5.3	26.8	4.8
By category
< 25	18,938	17.0	60,497	28.8
25–30	39,492	35.4	65,842	31.3
31–34	22,075	19.8	24,369	11.6
≥ 35	10,992	9.9	8925	4.2
Missing	20,012	17.9	50,608	24.1
Alcohol
No	16,639	14.9	34,934	16.6
Yes	82,405	73.9	137,605	65.5
Missing	12,465	11.2	37,702	17.9
Renal function*
CKD 1	8382	7.5	18,529	8.8
CKD 2	31,838	28.6	56,712	27.0
CKD 3	19,230	17.2	16,744	8.0
CKD 4	2001	1.8	611	0.3
CKD 5	206	0.2	146	0.1
Missing	49,852	44.7	117,499	55.9
History of comorbidities
Acute myocardial infarction	7858	7.0	8318	4.0
Stroke	5952	5.3	8283	3.9
Heart failure	8954	8.0	5213	2.5
Hypertension	49,488	44.4	54,166	25.8
Diabetes mellitus	10,928	9.8	16,058	7.6
Hypercholesterolemia	8699	7.8	10,891	5.2
OSA	1094	1.0	1126	0.5
Use of diuretics⁺
Loop diuretics	17,976	16.1	11,377	5.4
Thiazide diuretics	24,049	21.6	22,012	10.5

Abbreviations: N number, SD standard deviation, BMI body mass index, CKD chronic kidney disease, OSA obstructive sleep apnea
*CKD 1 (eGFR > 90 ml/min), CKD 2 (eGFR 60–89 ml/min), CKD 3 (eGFR 30–59 ml/min), CKD 4 (eGFR 15–29 ml/min), CKD 5 (< 15 ml/min)
⁺Within 6 months prior to index date

ISSN: 1478-6362