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Table 2 Risk of gout in patients with OSA, stratified by gender, age, BMI, CKD, comorbidities, and recent use of diuretics

From: Obstructive sleep apnea and the risk of gout: a population-based case-control study

Exposure

Cases

Controls

Crude

Fully adj.

N = 111,509

%

N = 210,241

%

OR (CI)

OR

No OSA

110,415

99.0

209,115

99.5

Referent

Referent

OSA

1094

0.98

1126

0.54

1.86 (1.71–2.02)

1.05 (0.96–1.16)

By gender

 Male

953

0.85

1043

0.50

1.74 (1.59–1.90)

1.05 (0.95–1.16)

 Female

141

0.13

83

0.04

3.36 (2.56–4.42)

1.64 (1.19–2.27)

By age class

 40–49 years

210

0.19

186

0.09

2.22 (1.82–2.71)

1.12 (0.90–1.41)

 50–59 years

346

0.31

392

0.19

1.73 (1.50–2.00)

0.96 (0.82–1.13)

 60–69 years

316

0.28

341

0.16

1.75 (1.49–2.04)

1.02 (0.86–1.22)

 > 70 years

222

0.20

207

0.10

1.96 (1.62–2.37–1.13)

1.20 (0.96–1.50)

By BMI, kg/m2a

 < 25

40

0.04

113

0.05

0.67 (0.47–0.97)

0.67 (0.45–0.98)

 25–29

224

0.20

305

0.15

1.38 (1.16–1.64)

1.15 (0.95–1.39)

 30–34

318

0.29

325

0.15

1.88 (1.61–2.20)

1.34 (1.13–1.59)

 ≥ 35

456

0.41

322

0.15

2.74 (2.37–3.16)

1.56 (1.33–1.83)

 Missing

56

0.05

61

0.03

1.78 (1.24–2.57)

1.91 (1.30–2.81)

By renal function+,a

 CKD 1

151

0.14

250

0.12

1.17 (0.95–1.43)

0.61 (0.49–0.76)

 CKD 2

492

0.44

527

0.25

1.80 (1.59–2.03)

1.02 (0.89–1.17)

 CKD 3

233

0.21

92

0.04

4.76 (3.72–6.07)

2.22 (1.70–2.91)

 CKD 4

19

0.02

< 5#

0.00

11.24 (3.34–37.81)

3.93 (1.06–14.56)

 CKD 5

< 5#

0.00

< 5#

0.00

1.00 (0.09–11.03)

0.41 (0.04–4.59)

 Missing

198

0.18

252

0.12

1.50 (1.24–1.81)

1.15 (0.94–1.40)

By history of comorbidities

 Acute myocardial infarctiona

  Yes

80

0.07

73

0.03

2.08 (1.51–2.86)

0.80 (0.56–1.15)

  No

1014

0.91

1053

0.50

1.84 (1.69–2.01)

1.07 (0.97–1.18)

 Strokea

  Yes

52

0.05

42

0.02

2.29 (1.52–2–3.44)

1.05 (0.66–1.66)

  No

1042

0.93

1084

0.52

1.84 (1.69–2.01)–2.21)

1.05 (0.96–1.16)

 Heart failurea

  Yes

128

0.11

37

0.02

6.61 (4.58–9.54)

1.82 (1.21–2.73)

  No

966

0.87

1089

0.52

1.70 (1.56–1.85)

1.01 (0.92–1.12)

 Diabetes mellitusa

  Yes

265

0.24

258

0.12

1.96 (1.65–2.33)

0.70 (0.58–0.85)

  No

829

0.74

868

0.41

1.83 (1.66–2.01)

1.16 (1.05–1.30)

 Hypertension a

  Yes

659

0.59

466

0.22

2.71 (2.40–3.05)

1.14 (1.00–1.30)

  No

435

0.39

660

0.31

1.27 (1.12–1.43)

0.98 (0.86–1.12)

 Hypercholesterolemia a

  Yes

553

0.50

521

0.25

2.02 (1.79–2.28)

0.94 (0.82–1.08)

  No

541

0.49

605

0.29

1.72 (1.53–1.94)

1.16 (1.02–1.32)

 By use of loops diuretics*,a

  Yes

260

0.23

91

0.04

5.41 (4.26–6.87)

1.73 (1.33–2.26)

  No

834

0.75

1035

0.49

1.55 (1.41–1.69)

1.01 (0.91–1.12)

 By use of thiazide diuretics*,a

  Yes

274

0.25

129

0.06

4.10 (3.32–5.06)

1.85 (1.47–2.33)

  No

820

0.74

997

0.47

1.58 (1.43–1.73)

0.93 (0.84–1.04)

  1. Abbreviations: N number, OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval, Fully adj. fully adjusted: adjusted for smoking status, alcohol use, body mass index, history of diabetes mellitus, heart failure and the most recently recorded eGFR measurement. In addition, we adjusted analyses for the use of statins, beta-blockers, Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, calcium channel, blockers and thiazide or loop diuretics 6 months before the index date, OSA obstructive sleep apnea, CKD chronic kidney disease, BMI body mass index
  2. +By the most recently recorded eGFR prior to index date. CKD 1 (estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR] > 90 ml/min), CKD 2 (eGFR 60–89 ml/min), CKD 3 (eGFR 30–59 ml/min), CKD 4 (eGFR 15–29 ml/min), CKD 5 (< 15 ml/min)
  3. #According to the Independent Scientific Advisory Committee (ISAC) guidance on the content of protocols for research using CPRD data, no cell containing < 5 cases or controls are reported
  4. *Within 6 months prior to index date
  5. aThe stratified analysis was not adjusted for the factor by which it was stratified