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Table 1 General characteristics of participants

From: Low levels of serum urate are associated with a higher prevalence of depression in older adults: a nationwide cross-sectional study in Korea

Variables

Men (n = 2301)

Women (n = 3031)

1st quartile

2nd quartile

3rd quartile

4th quartile

Total

p

1st quartile

2nd quartile

3rd quartile

4th quartile

Total

p

Age, years

 Mean

50.0 (0.7)

45.3 (0.8)

43.3 (0.8)

41.5 (0.6)

45.0 (0.4)

< 0.001

47.2 (0.7)

45.8 (0.7)

46.4 (0.8)

47.3 (0.8)

46.6 (0.5)

0.378

Categories

     

< 0.001

     

0.059

 Young adults (19–39)

25.5 (2.3)

39.5 (2.8)

44.0 (2.5)

47.5 (2.4)

39.2 (1.4)

 

31.5 (2.1)

37.7 (2.1)

37.6 (2.3)

37.1 (2.4)

35.8 (1.3)

 

 Middle-aged adults (40–59)

48.0 (2.5)

41.4 (2.3)

39.0 (2.2)

40.3 (2.4)

42.1 (1.3)

 

45.9 (2.0)

41.5 (2.1)

41.6 (1.9)

37.9 (2.3)

41.9 (1.1)

 

 Older adults (60+)

26.5 (2.0)

19.1 (1.6)

16.9 (1.5)

12.3 (1.2)

18.7 (0.9)

 

22.5 (1.6)

20.9 (1.6)

20.9 (1.7)

25.0 (1.8)

22.3 (1.0)

 

Educational levels

     

< 0.001

     

0.652

 Elementary school

14.1 (1.5)

9.7 (1.2)

7.3 (1.0)

5.1 (0.8)

9.0 (0.6)

 

17.8 (1.6)

19.5 (1.7)

17.7 (1.7)

19.0 (1.8)

18.5 (1.0)

 

 Middle school

10.5 (1.3)

6.9 (1.1)

6.9 (1.2)

8.8 (1.4)

8.3 (0.7)

 

10.5 (1.3)

8.6 (1.1)

9.7 (1.2)

9.7 (1.4)

9.6 (0.6)

 

 High school

36.2 (2.4)

36.7 (2.5)

36.4 (2.2)

40.0 (2.6)

37.3 (1.4)

 

38.8 (1.9)

33.9 (1.9)

36.6 (2.3)

34.3 (2.3)

36.0 (1.1)

 

 College

39.1 (2.6)

46.7 (2.7)

49.4 (2.5)

46.1 (2.6)

45.4 (1.7)

 

32.9 (2.1)

38.0 (2.1)

35.9 (2.8)

37.0 (2.3)

35.9 (1.3)

 

Household income levels

     

0.381

     

0.817

 1st quartile

15.5 (1.9)

14.3 (2.0)

12.8 (1.6)

12.2 (2.0)

13.7 (1.2)

 

15.4 (1.6)

15.0 (1.6)

17.0 (1.8)

17.9 (2.2)

16.2 (1.2)

 

 2nd quartile

20.6 (2.2)

24.9 (2.2)

20.9 (2.0)

23.9 (2.3)

22.6 (1.2)

 

24.0 (1.9)

22.0 (2.0)

23.5 (1.9)

24.3 (1.9)

23.4 (1.1)

 

 3rd quartile

33.8 (2.3)

29.1 (2.3)

32.5 (2.5)

28.0 (2.5)

30.8 (1.4)

 

30.7 (2.1)

32.3 (2.1)

28.7 (2.1)

27.5 (2.2)

29.9 (1.3)

 

 4th quartile

30.1 (2.7)

31.7 (2.8)

33.8 (2.6)

36.0 (2.7)

32.9 (1.8)

 

29.9 (2.4)

30.7 (2.6)

30.9 (2.6)

30.3 (2.5)

30.5 (1.8)

 

Body mass index, kg/m2

 Mean

24.0 (0.2)

23.9 (0.1)

24.7 (0.2)

25.8 (0.2)

24.6 (0.1)

< 0.001

22.6 (0.1)

22.9 (0.1)

23.4 (0.2)

24.7 (0.2)

23.4 (0.1)

< 0.001

Categories

     

< 0.001

     

< 0.001

 < 18.5

3.4 (0.8)

3.3 (1.1)

1.9 (0.8)

1.2 (0.5)

2.5 (0.4)

 

6.3 (1.0)

5.6 (0.9)

6.3 (1.3)

4.0 (0.9)

5.6 (0.6)

 

 18.5–24.9

61.5 (2.3)

61.7 (2.2)

54.3 (2.3)

44.4 (2.5)

55.5 (1.3)

 

74.1 (1.7)

71.9 (1.8)

65.5 (2.0)

51.2 (2.1)

66.1 (1.0)

 

 ≥ 25

35.1 (2.4)

34.9 (2.3)

43.8 (2.3)

54.4 (2.5)

42.1 (1.3)

 

19.6 (1.6)

22.5 (1.6)

28.3 (1.8)

44.8 (2.2)

28.3 (1.1)

 

Presence of chronic disease

40.6 (2.4)

32.6 (2.0)

27.9 (2.0)

26.8 (2.2)

31.9 (1.1)

< 0.001

34.1 (1.9)

32.6 (1.9)

35.4 (2.2)

42.5 (2.3)

36.0 (1.2)

0.004

Lifetime diagnosis of depression

2.2 (0.7)

2.8 (0.8)

0.7 (0.3)

4.2 (1.1)

2.5 (0.4)

0.007

5.8 (1.1)

6.5 (0.9)

5.2 (1.0)

5.2 (1.0)

7.3 (1.2)

0.566

Perceived health status

     

0.877

     

0.030

 Fair, poor, or very poor

65.1 (2.4)

63.3 (2.2)

64.8 (2.4)

65.9 (2.2)

64.8 (1.1)

 

74.8 (1.8)

68.5 (1.9)

68.2 (2.1)

72.8 (2.0)

71.1 (1.1)

 

Perceived stress

     

0.127

     

0.513

 Much or very much

25.0 (2.0)

26.0 (2.1)

26.2 (2.0)

31.9 (2.4)

27.3 (0.9)

 

29.5 (1.9)

27.5 (1.8)

27.6 (2.1)

31.2 (2.1)

28.9 (0.9)

 

Current smokers

40.0 (2.3)

36.8 (2.6)

41.0 (2.7)

40.0 (2.4)

39.5 (1.4)

0.637

3.9 (0.7)

5.6 (1.0)

6.8 (1.2)

9.0 (1.5)

6.2 (0.6)

0.008

Current drinkers

84.4 (1.5)

84.5 (1.8)

91.1 (1.3)

90.1 (1.4)

87.6 (0.8)

0.001

65.6 (1.8)

70.9 (1.9)

71.2 (2.0)

70.7 (1.9)

69.5 (1.1)

0.091

Self-reported current depression

1.0 (0.5)

1.0 (0.4)

0.5 (0.3)

2.7 (0.9)

1.3 (0.3)

0.013

3.4 (0.8)

4.1 (0.8)

2.8 (0.7)

4.6 (1.0)

3.7 (0.4)

0.794

Current antidepressant use

1.0 (0.5)

0.4 (0.2)

0.3 (0.3)

2.3 (0.9)

1.0 (0.3)

0.004

2.4 (0.7)

2.8 (0.7)

1.7 (0.5)

3.2 (0.7)

2.5 (0.3)

0.807

PHQ-9 scores

  Mean

2.1 (0.2)

2.0 (0.2)

1.9 (0.2)

2.3 (0.2)

2.1 (0.1)

0.660

3.1 (0.2)

3.2 (0.2)

3.1 (0.2)

3.3 (0.2)

3.2 (0.1)

0.748

 ≥ 5

15.8 (1.9)

14.5 (1.9)

12.9 (1.7)

17.1 (2.0)

15.0 (0.9)

0.399

23.7 (1.7)

25.1 (1.8)

23.8 (2.1)

26.0 (1.9)

24.7 (1.1)

0.762

 ≥ 10

3.7 (0.8)

4.0 (1.0)

3.5 (0.8)

4.3 (1.2)

3.9 (0.5)

0.927

6.9 (1.0)

7.1 (1.1)

6.5 (1.1)

7.5 (1.3)

7.0 (0.6)

0.932

CRP, mg/L, mean

1.52 (0.14)

1.14 (0.10)

1.17 (0.08)

1.50 (0.10)

1.33 (0.05)

0.007

0.93 (0.07)

0.86 (0.05)

1.10 (0.08)

1.43 (0.09)

1.08 (0.04)

< 0.001

eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2, mean

96.5 (0.8)

96.6 (0.9)

97.0 (0.8)

95.8 (0.9)

96.5 (0.5)

0.759

103.8 (0.7)

102.5 (0.6)

100.2 (0.7)

97.7 (0.8)

101.1 (0.4)

< 0.001

  1. Values are presented using means or proportions with standard errors
  2. BMI body mass index, CRP C-reactive protein, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, EQ-5D EuroQol-5 Dimensions, PHQ Patient Health Questionnaire