|
Age, years
|
|
Mean
|
50.0 (0.7)
|
45.3 (0.8)
|
43.3 (0.8)
|
41.5 (0.6)
|
45.0 (0.4)
|
< 0.001
|
47.2 (0.7)
|
45.8 (0.7)
|
46.4 (0.8)
|
47.3 (0.8)
|
46.6 (0.5)
|
0.378
|
|
Categories
| | | | | |
< 0.001
| | | | | |
0.059
|
|
Young adults (19–39)
|
25.5 (2.3)
|
39.5 (2.8)
|
44.0 (2.5)
|
47.5 (2.4)
|
39.2 (1.4)
| |
31.5 (2.1)
|
37.7 (2.1)
|
37.6 (2.3)
|
37.1 (2.4)
|
35.8 (1.3)
| |
|
Middle-aged adults (40–59)
|
48.0 (2.5)
|
41.4 (2.3)
|
39.0 (2.2)
|
40.3 (2.4)
|
42.1 (1.3)
| |
45.9 (2.0)
|
41.5 (2.1)
|
41.6 (1.9)
|
37.9 (2.3)
|
41.9 (1.1)
| |
|
Older adults (60+)
|
26.5 (2.0)
|
19.1 (1.6)
|
16.9 (1.5)
|
12.3 (1.2)
|
18.7 (0.9)
| |
22.5 (1.6)
|
20.9 (1.6)
|
20.9 (1.7)
|
25.0 (1.8)
|
22.3 (1.0)
| |
|
Educational levels
| | | | | |
< 0.001
| | | | | |
0.652
|
|
Elementary school
|
14.1 (1.5)
|
9.7 (1.2)
|
7.3 (1.0)
|
5.1 (0.8)
|
9.0 (0.6)
| |
17.8 (1.6)
|
19.5 (1.7)
|
17.7 (1.7)
|
19.0 (1.8)
|
18.5 (1.0)
| |
|
Middle school
|
10.5 (1.3)
|
6.9 (1.1)
|
6.9 (1.2)
|
8.8 (1.4)
|
8.3 (0.7)
| |
10.5 (1.3)
|
8.6 (1.1)
|
9.7 (1.2)
|
9.7 (1.4)
|
9.6 (0.6)
| |
|
High school
|
36.2 (2.4)
|
36.7 (2.5)
|
36.4 (2.2)
|
40.0 (2.6)
|
37.3 (1.4)
| |
38.8 (1.9)
|
33.9 (1.9)
|
36.6 (2.3)
|
34.3 (2.3)
|
36.0 (1.1)
| |
|
College
|
39.1 (2.6)
|
46.7 (2.7)
|
49.4 (2.5)
|
46.1 (2.6)
|
45.4 (1.7)
| |
32.9 (2.1)
|
38.0 (2.1)
|
35.9 (2.8)
|
37.0 (2.3)
|
35.9 (1.3)
| |
|
Household income levels
| | | | | |
0.381
| | | | | |
0.817
|
|
1st quartile
|
15.5 (1.9)
|
14.3 (2.0)
|
12.8 (1.6)
|
12.2 (2.0)
|
13.7 (1.2)
| |
15.4 (1.6)
|
15.0 (1.6)
|
17.0 (1.8)
|
17.9 (2.2)
|
16.2 (1.2)
| |
|
2nd quartile
|
20.6 (2.2)
|
24.9 (2.2)
|
20.9 (2.0)
|
23.9 (2.3)
|
22.6 (1.2)
| |
24.0 (1.9)
|
22.0 (2.0)
|
23.5 (1.9)
|
24.3 (1.9)
|
23.4 (1.1)
| |
|
3rd quartile
|
33.8 (2.3)
|
29.1 (2.3)
|
32.5 (2.5)
|
28.0 (2.5)
|
30.8 (1.4)
| |
30.7 (2.1)
|
32.3 (2.1)
|
28.7 (2.1)
|
27.5 (2.2)
|
29.9 (1.3)
| |
|
4th quartile
|
30.1 (2.7)
|
31.7 (2.8)
|
33.8 (2.6)
|
36.0 (2.7)
|
32.9 (1.8)
| |
29.9 (2.4)
|
30.7 (2.6)
|
30.9 (2.6)
|
30.3 (2.5)
|
30.5 (1.8)
| |
|
Body mass index, kg/m2
|
|
Mean
|
24.0 (0.2)
|
23.9 (0.1)
|
24.7 (0.2)
|
25.8 (0.2)
|
24.6 (0.1)
|
< 0.001
|
22.6 (0.1)
|
22.9 (0.1)
|
23.4 (0.2)
|
24.7 (0.2)
|
23.4 (0.1)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Categories
| | | | | |
< 0.001
| | | | | |
< 0.001
|
|
< 18.5
|
3.4 (0.8)
|
3.3 (1.1)
|
1.9 (0.8)
|
1.2 (0.5)
|
2.5 (0.4)
| |
6.3 (1.0)
|
5.6 (0.9)
|
6.3 (1.3)
|
4.0 (0.9)
|
5.6 (0.6)
| |
|
18.5–24.9
|
61.5 (2.3)
|
61.7 (2.2)
|
54.3 (2.3)
|
44.4 (2.5)
|
55.5 (1.3)
| |
74.1 (1.7)
|
71.9 (1.8)
|
65.5 (2.0)
|
51.2 (2.1)
|
66.1 (1.0)
| |
|
≥ 25
|
35.1 (2.4)
|
34.9 (2.3)
|
43.8 (2.3)
|
54.4 (2.5)
|
42.1 (1.3)
| |
19.6 (1.6)
|
22.5 (1.6)
|
28.3 (1.8)
|
44.8 (2.2)
|
28.3 (1.1)
| |
|
Presence of chronic disease
|
40.6 (2.4)
|
32.6 (2.0)
|
27.9 (2.0)
|
26.8 (2.2)
|
31.9 (1.1)
|
< 0.001
|
34.1 (1.9)
|
32.6 (1.9)
|
35.4 (2.2)
|
42.5 (2.3)
|
36.0 (1.2)
|
0.004
|
|
Lifetime diagnosis of depression
|
2.2 (0.7)
|
2.8 (0.8)
|
0.7 (0.3)
|
4.2 (1.1)
|
2.5 (0.4)
|
0.007
|
5.8 (1.1)
|
6.5 (0.9)
|
5.2 (1.0)
|
5.2 (1.0)
|
7.3 (1.2)
|
0.566
|
|
Perceived health status
| | | | | |
0.877
| | | | | |
0.030
|
|
Fair, poor, or very poor
|
65.1 (2.4)
|
63.3 (2.2)
|
64.8 (2.4)
|
65.9 (2.2)
|
64.8 (1.1)
| |
74.8 (1.8)
|
68.5 (1.9)
|
68.2 (2.1)
|
72.8 (2.0)
|
71.1 (1.1)
| |
|
Perceived stress
| | | | | |
0.127
| | | | | |
0.513
|
|
Much or very much
|
25.0 (2.0)
|
26.0 (2.1)
|
26.2 (2.0)
|
31.9 (2.4)
|
27.3 (0.9)
| |
29.5 (1.9)
|
27.5 (1.8)
|
27.6 (2.1)
|
31.2 (2.1)
|
28.9 (0.9)
| |
|
Current smokers
|
40.0 (2.3)
|
36.8 (2.6)
|
41.0 (2.7)
|
40.0 (2.4)
|
39.5 (1.4)
|
0.637
|
3.9 (0.7)
|
5.6 (1.0)
|
6.8 (1.2)
|
9.0 (1.5)
|
6.2 (0.6)
|
0.008
|
|
Current drinkers
|
84.4 (1.5)
|
84.5 (1.8)
|
91.1 (1.3)
|
90.1 (1.4)
|
87.6 (0.8)
|
0.001
|
65.6 (1.8)
|
70.9 (1.9)
|
71.2 (2.0)
|
70.7 (1.9)
|
69.5 (1.1)
|
0.091
|
|
Self-reported current depression
|
1.0 (0.5)
|
1.0 (0.4)
|
0.5 (0.3)
|
2.7 (0.9)
|
1.3 (0.3)
|
0.013
|
3.4 (0.8)
|
4.1 (0.8)
|
2.8 (0.7)
|
4.6 (1.0)
|
3.7 (0.4)
|
0.794
|
|
Current antidepressant use
|
1.0 (0.5)
|
0.4 (0.2)
|
0.3 (0.3)
|
2.3 (0.9)
|
1.0 (0.3)
|
0.004
|
2.4 (0.7)
|
2.8 (0.7)
|
1.7 (0.5)
|
3.2 (0.7)
|
2.5 (0.3)
|
0.807
|
|
PHQ-9 scores
|
|
Mean
|
2.1 (0.2)
|
2.0 (0.2)
|
1.9 (0.2)
|
2.3 (0.2)
|
2.1 (0.1)
|
0.660
|
3.1 (0.2)
|
3.2 (0.2)
|
3.1 (0.2)
|
3.3 (0.2)
|
3.2 (0.1)
|
0.748
|
|
≥ 5
|
15.8 (1.9)
|
14.5 (1.9)
|
12.9 (1.7)
|
17.1 (2.0)
|
15.0 (0.9)
|
0.399
|
23.7 (1.7)
|
25.1 (1.8)
|
23.8 (2.1)
|
26.0 (1.9)
|
24.7 (1.1)
|
0.762
|
|
≥ 10
|
3.7 (0.8)
|
4.0 (1.0)
|
3.5 (0.8)
|
4.3 (1.2)
|
3.9 (0.5)
|
0.927
|
6.9 (1.0)
|
7.1 (1.1)
|
6.5 (1.1)
|
7.5 (1.3)
|
7.0 (0.6)
|
0.932
|
|
CRP, mg/L, mean
|
1.52 (0.14)
|
1.14 (0.10)
|
1.17 (0.08)
|
1.50 (0.10)
|
1.33 (0.05)
|
0.007
|
0.93 (0.07)
|
0.86 (0.05)
|
1.10 (0.08)
|
1.43 (0.09)
|
1.08 (0.04)
|
< 0.001
|
|
eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2, mean
|
96.5 (0.8)
|
96.6 (0.9)
|
97.0 (0.8)
|
95.8 (0.9)
|
96.5 (0.5)
|
0.759
|
103.8 (0.7)
|
102.5 (0.6)
|
100.2 (0.7)
|
97.7 (0.8)
|
101.1 (0.4)
|
< 0.001
|
