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Table 3 Factors associated with proliferative LN

From: Non-histologic factors discriminating proliferative lupus nephritis from membranous lupus nephritis

 

Univariable analysis

Multivariable analysis (model 1)

Multivariable analysis (model 2)

 

OR (95% CI)

p

OR (95% CI)

p

OR (95% CI)

p

Age

0.982 (0.951–1.014)

0.269

    

Female sex

1.437 (0.295–7.006)

0.653

    

Hypertension

1.026 (0.317–3.322)

0.966

    

Diabetes mellitus

N/A

0.999

    

Mucocutaneous manifestations

0.978 (0.328–2.915)

0.968

    

Musculoskeletal manifestations

1.881 (0.517–6.836)

0.337

    

Neuropsychiatric manifestations

0.357 (0.088–1.442)

0.148

    

Serositis

3.079 (0.390–24.280)

0.286

    

Hematologic manifestations

4.036 (1.121–14.527)

0.033

3.277 (0.665–16.148)

0.145

1.963 (0.393–9.810)

0.411

Positive anti-Sm Ab

0.648 (0.243–1.728)

0.386

    

Positive anti-Ro Ab

0.928 (0.341–2.529)

0.885

    

Positive anti-La Ab

2.075 (0.572–7.528)

0.267

    

Positive anti-U1RNP Aba

0.271 (0.085–0.861)

0.027

0.176 (0.040–0.769)

0.021

0.985 (0.976–0.994)

0.002

Positive anti-dsDNA Aba

7.333 (2.574–20.893)

< 0.001

11.200 (2.202–56.957)

0.004

1.008 (1.002–1.014)

0.014

Positive lupus anticoagulant

1.356 (0.370–4.974)

0.646

    

Positive anti-β2 glycoprotein I Ab

0.355 (0.113–1.112)

0.075

    

Positive anti-cardiolipin Ab

1.757 (0.483–6.396)

0.393

    

Low C3a

9.970 (3.117–31.891)

< 0.001

1.886 (0.255–13.932)

0.534

1.012 (0.968–1.058)

0.608

Low C4a

3.839 (1.405–10.486)

0.009

1.224 (0.229–6.552)

0.813

0.929 (0.834–1.033)

0.175

Albumin level

0.886 (0.434–1.805)

0.738

    

Creatinine level

10.645 (1.350–83.953)

0.025

    

GFR

0.980 (0.964–0.997)

0.021

0.973 (0.951–0.994)

0.013

0.969 (0.946–0.994)

0.014

Urine PCR

1.000 (0.987–1.013)

0.986

    

Urine RBC of ≥ 5/HPF

4.178 (1.516–11.509)

0.006

2.053 (0.426–9.893)

0.370

1.721 (0.307–9.652)

0.537

Urine WBC of ≥ 5/HPF

2.687 (0.958–7.543)

0.060

    

Urine cast

4.429 (0.567–34.578)

0.156

    

SLEDAI-2K

1.173 (1.063–1.294)

0.001

1.046 (0.900–1.216)

0.557

1.112 (0.923–1.338)

0.263

  1. Ab antibody, anti-dsDNA anti-double-stranded DNA, GFR glomerular filtration rate, PCR protein/creatinine ratio, RBC red blood cell, HPF high power field, WBC white blood cell, SLEDAI-2K Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index 2000, OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval, N/A not applicable
  2. aAnalyzed as binary variables (anti-U1RNP Ab, positive/negative; anti-dsDNA Ab, positive/negative; C3, low/not low; C4, low/not low) in univariable analysis and multivariable analysis (model 1) and analyzed as continuous variables in multivariable analysis (model 2)