Fig. 1

Overview of the distribution of all proteins identified by discovery proteomics among the three time points. a Venn diagram showing the number of shared and unique proteins identified in all samples at 12, 24 and 36 weeks. The overlapping areas represent common proteins. b Volcano plots of all proteins quantified by proteomic analysis comparing Sle123 (n = 5) and control mice (n = 5) at three time points, 12, 24 and 36 weeks. Plots illustrating the distributions of proteins according to their log2 fold change (x-axis) and −log10 p value (y-axis). Proteins showing significant differential expression, p value ≤ 0.05, are indicated in red. Green dots show significantly up- and downregulated proteins, with fold change ≥ 1.5 OR ≤ 0.67. The blue dots represent the selected proteins. c PCA score plots of protein expression patterns of all proteins with p value ≤ 0.05, showing clear separation of Sle123 (grey dots) and control (violet dots) mice into two clusters at all three time points. Statistical analysis was performed by one-way ANOVA test. W, Weeks, Coro1A, Coronin-1A; Arhgdib, Rho GDP-dissociation inhibitor 2; Isg15, Ubiquitin-like protein ISG15