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Table 1 Study characteristics and risk of bias assessment of included studies

From: Assessing the effect of interventions for axial spondyloarthritis according to the endorsed ASAS/OMERACT core outcome set: a meta-research study of trials included in Cochrane reviews

Author

Year

No. of patients randomized

No. of patients receiving intervention

No. of patients receiving comparison

Trial duration (weeks)

Intervention

Comparator

Risk of bias* selection/performance/attrition/reporting

Dougados

1986

30

15

15

26

SSZ (P)

PL

A/A/A/A

Feltelius

1986

37

18

19

12

SSZ (P)

PL

U/U/A/A

Nissila

1988

85

43

42

26

SSZ (P)

PL

U/U/A/A

Davis

1989

30

15

15

12

SSZ (P)

PL

U/U/A/A

Kraag

1989

53

26

27

16

Supervised training (NP)

SC

U/U/I/A

Winkler

1989

63

31

32

24

SSZ (P)

PL

U/U/U/A

Corkill

1990

62

32

30

48

SSZ (P)

PL

A/A/I/A

Krajnc

1990

95

71

24

24

SSZ (P)

PL

U/U/A/A

Taylor

1991

40

20

20

52

SSZ (P)

PL

A/A/A/I

Hidding

1993

144

68

76

36

Group physiotherapy (NP)

AC

A/A/I/A

Kirwan

1993

89

44

45

156

SSZ (P)

PL

A/A/A/I

Dougados

1994

70

46

24

12

Ximoprofen 5 mg (P)

PL

A/A/U/A

1994

73

49

24

34

Ximoprofen 10 mg (P)

PL

A/A/U/A

1994

69

45

24

8

Ximoprofen 20 mg (P)

PL

A/A/U/A

1994

74

50

24

6

Ximoprofen 30 mg (P)

PL

A/A/U/A

Clegg

1996

264

131

133

36

SSZ (P)

PL

U/U/A/A

Helliwell

1996

22

15

7

44

In-patient physiotherapy (NP)

SC

I/I/I/A

1996

22

15

7

44

Out-patient hydrotherapy (NP)

SC

I/I/I/A

Dougados

1999

148

108

40

6

Piroxicam (P)

PL

U/U/A/A

1999

160

120

40

6

Meloxicam 15 mg (P)

PL

U/U/A/A

1999

164

124

40

6

Meloxicam 22.5 mg (P)

PL

U/U/A/A

Altan

2001

51

26

25

52

MTX (P)

AC

U/U/I/I

Dougados

2001

118

80

38

6

Celecoxib (P)

PL

U/U/U/A

2001

128

90

38

6

Ketoprofen (P)

PL

U/U/U/A

Van Tubergen

2001

120

80

40

3

Spa-exercise therapy (NP)

AC

A/A/I/A

Braun

2002

70

35

35

12

Infliximab (B)

PL

A/A/A/I

Gorman

2002

40

20

20

16

Etanercept (B)

PL

A/A/A/A

Roychowdhury

2002

30

14

16

24

MTX (P)

PL

U/U/A/A

Schmidt

2002

70

34

36

26

SSZ (P)

PL

U/U/U/A

Sweeney

2002

200

100

100

26

Supervised training (NP)

SC

U/U/I/A

Analay

2003

51

27

24

12

Supervised training (NP)

SC

A/A/I/A

Brandt

2003

33

16

17

6

Etanercept (B)

PL

A/A/A/I

Davis

2003

277

138

139

24

Etanercept (B)

PL

A/A/A/A

Calin

2004

84

45

39

12

Etanercept (B)

PL

U/U/A/A

Gonzalez-Lopez

2004

35

17

18

24

MTX (P)

PL

A/A/A/I

Codish

2005

28

14

14

12

Balneo therapy (NP)

AC

U/U/I/A

D’Las Penas

2005

40

20

20

16

Supervised training (NP)

SC

A/A/I/A

Lim

2005

50

25

25

8

Supervised training (NP)

SC

U/U/I/A

Marzo-Ortega

2005

42

28

14

30

Infliximab (B)

PL

A/A/U/A

Van der Heijde

2005

279

201

78

24

Infliximab (B)

PL

U/U/A/A

Van der Heijde

2005

134

103

31

6

Etoricoxib (P)

PL

A/A/A/A

2005

123

92

31

6

Etoricoxib (P)

PL

A/A/A/A

2005

130

99

31

6

Naproxen (P)

PL

A/A/A/A

Altan

2006

60

30

30

24

Balneo therapy (NP)

AC

U/U/I/A

Barkhuizen

2006

189

137

52

12

Celecoxib 200 mg (P)

PL

U/U/U/A

2006

213

161

52

12

Celecoxib 400 mg (P)

PL

U/U/U/A

2006

209

157

52

12

Naproxen (P)

PL

U/U/U/A

Ince

2006

30

15

15

12

Supervised training (NP)

SC

U/U/I/A

Van der Heijde

2006

315

208

107

24

Adalimumab (B)

PL

A/A/A/A

Van der Heijde

2006

180

155

25

24

Etanercept (B)

PL

U/U/U/A

2006

175

150

25

24

Etanercept (B)

PL

U/U/U/A

Lambert

2007

82

38

44

24

Adalimumab (B)

PL

U/U/A/A

Huang

2008

126

83

43

8

Etanercept (B)

PL

U/U/U/U

Inman

2008

177

138

39

14

Golimumab (B)

PL

A/A/A/A

2008

179

149

39

14

Golimumab (B)

PL

A/A/A/A

Barkham

2010

40

20

20

12

Etanercept (B)

PL

U/U/A/A

Inman

2010

76

39

37

12

Infliximab (B)

PL

U/U/U/A

Braun

2011

566

379

187

16

Etanercept (B)

AC

A/A/A/A

Dougados

2011

82

39

43

12

Etanercept (B)

PL

U/U/A/I

Navarro-Sarabia

2011

108

54

54

12

Etanercept (B)

AC

A/A/A/A

Hu

2012

46

26

20

12

Adalimumab (B)

PL

U/U/U/I

Bao

2014

213

108

105

24

Golimumab (B)

PL

U/U/U/A

Huang

2014

344

229

114

12

Adalimumab (B)

PL

A/A/A/A

  1. *Shown as selection bias (methods for sequence generation and allocation)/performance bias (blinding of participants and personnel)/attrition bias (incomplete outcome data)/reporting bias (selective outcome reporting). Abbreviations: SSZ sulfasalazine, P pharmacological modalities, PL placebo, NP non-pharmacological modalities, B biological modalities, SC standard care, AC active comparison, A adequate, U unclear, I inadequate