Table 2 Risk factors associated with active systemic lupus erythematosus (n = 573)

Male sex, n (%)

41 (8.3)

9 (11.1)

0.4

Age (years)

29.1 ± 12

29.9 ± 10

0.58

Active smoking, n (%)

108 (22)

22 (27.2)

0.3

Corticosteroids, n (%)*

307 (62.4)

66 (81.5)

0.001

2.033

1.019–4.056

0.044

Immunosuppressants, n (%)*

79 (16.1)

24 (29.6)

0.003

1.999

1.081–3.697

0.027

HCQ whole-blood level (ng/mL)

940.8 ± 448

765.9 ± 426

0.001

0.999

0.997–1.000

0.023

HCQ serum level (ng/mL)

479.9 ± 218

404.9 ± 244

0.008

DCQ whole-blood level (ng/mL)

116.7 ± 54

108.8 ± 59

0.2

DCQ serum level (ng/mL)

63.6 ± 31

56.3 ± 33

0.051

BMI (kg/m²)

23.9 ± 4.7

24.5 ± 5.3

0.64

Haemoglobin (g/dL)

13.2 ± 1.3

12.45 ± 1.4

< 0.001

0.768

0.630–0.937

0.009

Platelets (cells/mm³)

252.5 ± 72.5

254.5 ± 91

0.61

Leukocytes (cells/mm³)

6400 ± 2380

5798 ± 2588

0.036

Lymphocytes (cells/mm³)

1466 ± 705

1348 ± 726

0.13

Neutrophils (cells/mm³)

4412 ± 2195

3966 ± 2488

0.069