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Table 4 Association of comorbidity with disease activity and functional impairment in patients with axial spondyloarthritis (N = 1776)

From: The prevalence and impact of comorbidities on patients with axial spondyloarthritis: results from a nationwide population-based study

 

Reference

Univariable analyses

Multivariable analyses

Model 1: number of comorbidities

Model 2: comorbidities taken separately

BASDAI, β (95% CI)

BASFI, β (95% CI)

BASDAI, β (95% CI)

BASFI, β (95% CI)

BASDAI, β (95% CI)

BASFI, β (95% CI)

Number of comorbidities

Per unit

0.23 (0.18, 0.27)

0.45 (0.40, 0.51)

0.17 (0.09, 0.24)

0.24 (0.15, 0.32)

  

Depression

Not present

1.14 (0.93, 1.35)

1.12 (0.85, 1.38)

  

0.66 (0.41, 0.92)

0.70 (0.40, 0.99)

Chronic pulmonary disease

Not present

0.46 (0.22, 0.69)

0.79 (0.50, 1.08)

  

0.38 (0.10, 0.67)

0.34 (0.01, 0.66)

Hypertension (complicated)

Not present

0.41 (0.04, 0.77)

1.08 (0.60, 1.56)

   

0.69 (0.02, 1.35)

Hypertension (uncomplicated)

Not present

0.42 (0.23, 0.61)

1.15 (0.92, 1.39)

   

0.57 (0.25, 0.88)

Age

Per 10 years

0.12 (0.05, 0.18)

0.60 (0.52, 0.67)

0.06 (− 0.03, 0.16)

0.41 (0.31, 0.52)

0.14 (0.05, 0.23)

0.45 (0.34, 0.55)

Sex

Male

0.68 (0.49, 0.87)

− 0.09 (− 0.33, 0.14)

0.56 (0.33, 0.79)

− 0.01 (− 0.27, 0.26)

0.53 (0.31, 0.76)

0.00 (− 0.27, 0.26)

In rheumatologic care

No

0.46 (0.26, 0.65)

0.41 (0.17, 0.65)

 

0.45 (0.18, 0.73)

 

0.51 (0.24, 0.78)

Body mass index

Per unit

0.05 (0.03, 0.07)

0.13 (0.11, 0.16)

0.03 (0.00, 0.06)

0.08 (0.04, 0.11)

0.04 (0.01, 0.06)

0.08 (0.05, 0.11)

Smoking (current)

No

0.23 (− 0.02, 0.48)

0.17 (− 0.13, 0.46)

0.38 (0.09, 0.66)

0.58 (0.28, 0.88)

0.34 (0.06, 0.62)

0.56 (0.27, 0.86)

Suffering from stress

No

0.70 (0.51, 0.89)

− 0.28 (− 0.52, − 0.04)

0.59 (0.35, 0.82)

 

0.54 (0.31, 0.77)

 

Lack of exercise

No

0.20 (− 0.02, 0.41)

0.85 (0.57, 1.13)

 

0.41 (0.10, 0.72)

 

0.44 (0.12, 0.75)

Household income (€)

 < 1500

> 3200

1.17 (0.89, 1.45)

1.85 (1.50, 2.20)

0.70 (0.36, 1.05)

1.11 (0.71, 1.51)

0.65 (0.30, 1.00)

1.10 (0.71, 1.50)

 1500–3200

> 3200

0.72 (0.48, 0.97)

1.02 (0.73, 1.31)

0.44 (0.18, 0.71)

0.48 (0.20, 0.77)

0.41 (0.15, 0.68)

0.46 (0.17, 0.75)

NSAIDs

No

0.77 (0.57, 0.96)

0.57 (0.33, 0.82)

0.47 (0.22, 0.72)

 

0.43 (0.19, 0.68)

 

bDMARDs

No

− 0.36 (− 0.61, − 0.11)

− 0.20 (− 0.50, 0.10)

− 0.31 (− 0.60, − 0.02)

 

− 0.33 (− 0.61, − 0.04)

 

Non-opioid analgesics

No

0.97 (0.75, 1.19)

1.28 (1.00, 1.56)

0.46 (0.18, 0.74)

0.46 (0.13, 0.79)

0.43 (0.16, 0.71)

0.46 (0.13, 0.79)

Opioids

No

1.49 (1.25, 1.73)

2.31 (2.01, 2.61)

0.88 (0.54, 1.22)

1.41 (1.01, 1.82)

0.85 (0.52, 1.18)

1.46 (1.06, 1.86)

Steroids

No

0.68 (0.45, 0.92)

0.84 (0.54, 1.15)

 

0.35 (0.01, 0.68)

0.31 (0.02, 0.59)

0.39 (0.05, 0.72)

Physical therapy

No

0.71 (0.52, 0.90)

0.77 (0.53, 1.00)

0.34 (0.11, 0.58)

0.41 (0.14, 0.67)

0.35 (0.11, 0.58)

0.40 (0.14, 0.67)

  1. Variables tested with backward selection: number of comorbidities (only model 1), comorbidities with prevalence > 5% taken separately (only model 2), age, sex, symptom duration, in rheumatologic care, HLA-B27, psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease, uveitis, body mass index, lack of exercise, smoking, suffering from stress, household income, NSAIDs, bDMARDs, non-opioid analgesics, opioids, csDMARDs, steroids, number of pharmaceuticals (excluding axSpA-related medication), and physical therapy. Variables not included in the above table were not chosen by the backward selection in any multivariable model. Age and sex were always included in the models
  2. AxSpA axial spondyloarthritis, BASDAI Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index, BASFI Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index, bDMARDs biological disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs, NSAIDs non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs