Fig. 3

Overexpression of miR-431-5p induced apoptosis and suppressed G0/G1-to-S phase transition in RA FLSs. a Flow cytometry of Annexin V-FITC and PI-stained HFLS-RA cells transfected with miR-431-5p mimics or inhibitor for 48 h to determine cellular apoptosis. b–d Quantification of early (b), late (c), and total (d) apoptotic ratios of HFLS-RA cells transfected with miR-431-5p mimics or inhibitor. e, f Flow cytometry and quantification for cell cycle progression using PI-stained HFLS-RA cells transfected with miR-431-5p mimics or inhibitor for 48 h. Each experiment was performed independently in triplicates. *P < 0.05, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001, compared with the NC groups