Fig. 2

Circulating ILCs in patients with LN are dysfunctional with respect to cytokine production. a Representative flow cytometry plots of IFN-γ-, IL-13-, and IL-17A⁺-producing ILCs within the PBMC. b, c Percentage of IFN-γ-, IL-13-, and IL-17A⁺-producing ILCs in (b) CD45⁺ immune cells and (c) total ILCs from HC (n = 6), LN (n = 11), AAV (n = 5), IgAN (n = 8), and MCD/FSGS (n = 5). d Representative histogram plot of PD-1 expression of circulating ILCs from HC and LN, and percentage of PD-1⁺ ILCs within PBMC compared between HC (n = 5) and LN (n = 6). e Percentage of cytokine-negative ILCs within PBMC from HC (n = 6) and LN (n = 11). *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01 (Student’s t test)