Table 1 An overview of efficacy and safety outcome reporting of gout flare prophylaxis and therapy use (with and without renal function stratification)
First Author (Year) (Trial Name) | Study Design | Number of participants by eGFR/CrCl at baseline (mL/min/1.73m2) | Total, n | Primary outcome data reporting with stratified renal function = Yes without stratified renal function = No | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
≥90 | 60-90 | 30-60 | < 30 | Efficacy | Safety | |||
COLCHICINE | ||||||||
AHERN 1987 [9] | RCT (single- centre) | 22 | 22 | No | No | |||
BORSTAD 2004 [10] | RCT (single-centre) | 14 | Â | 14 | No | No | ||
WORTMANN 2010 (FACT, APEX, CONFIRMS) [11] | Three RCTs (post-hoc analyses) | 371(F); 541(A); 786(C) | 295(F); 154(A); 402(C) | 94(F); 154(A); 402(C) | Â | 760(F); 1072(A); 2269(C) | No | No |
PASCART 2016 (GOSPEL 2) [12] | Cross-sectional study (post-hoc analysis) | 158 | 59 | 45 | 2 | 264 | No | No |
SOLAK 2014 [13] | Case-control | Â | Â | Â | 1 | 1 | No | No |
HUNG 2005 [14] | Retrospective observational (single-centre) | 29 (concomitant arm) vs 8 (sequential arm) | 37 | No | No | |||
KWON 2017 [15] | Retrospective observational (single-centre) | 36/188 (colchicine with statin arm) vs 41/486 (colchicine without statin arm) | 77 | No | No | |||
AKAR 2001 [16] | Case report | Â | Â | Â | 1 | 1 | No | No |
AKDAG 2006 [17] | Case report | Â | Â | Â | 1 | 1 | No | Yes |
ALAYLI 2005 [18] | Case report | Â | Â | 1 | Â | 1 | Yes | Yes |
ALTIPARMAK 2002 [19] | Case series | Â | Â | Â | 1 | 1 | No | No |
ALTMAN 2007 [20] | Case report | Â | Â | 1 | Â | 1 | No | Yes |
BAKER 2004 [21] | Case report | Â | Â | 1 | Â | 1 | No | No |
BONNEL 2002 [22] | Case series | Â | Â | Â | 1 | 1 | No | Yes |
BOOMERSHINE 2002 [23] | Case report | Â | Â | Â | 1 | 1 | No | No |
BOUQUIÉ 2011 [24] | Case report |  |  | 1 |  | 1 | No | Yes |
CHENG 2005 [25] | Case series | Â | Â | Â | 1 | 1 | No | No |
CHOI 1999 [26] | Case report | Â | Â | Â | 1 | 1 | No | No |
DIXON 2001 [27] | Case report | Â | Â | 1 | Â | 1 | No | No |
ELEFTHERIOU 2008 [28] | Case report | Â | Â | Â | 1 | 1 | No | Yes |
GARROUSTE 2012 [29] | Case report | Â | Â | Â | 1 | 1 | No | Yes |
HSU 2002 [30] | Case report | Â | Â | Â | 1 | 1 | No | No |
HUH 2013 [31] | Case report | Â | Â | 1 | Â | 1 | No | Yes |
JUSTINIANO 2007 [32] | Case report | Â | Â | 1 | Â | 1 | No | Yes |
KUBLER 2000 [33] | Case report | Â | Â | Â | 1 | 1 | Yes | Yes |
KUNCL 1987 [34] | Case series | 12 | 12 | No | No | |||
LAI 2006 [35] | Case report | Â | Â | Â | 1 | 1 | No | Yes |
LEE 1997 [36] | Case report | Â | Â | 1 | Â | 1 | No | Yes |
LY 2007 [37] | Audit (single centre) | Â | 22 | 22 | No | Yes | ||
MARCINIAK 2016 [38] | Case report | Â | Â | 1 | Â | 1 | No | No |
MEDANI 2016 [39] | Case series | Â | Â | 1 | 1 | 2 | No | Yes |
MONTSENY 1996 [40] | Case series | Â | Â | Â | 4 | 4 | No | No |
MORRIS 2003 [41] | Case series | Â | Â | Â | 1 | 1 | No | No |
MULLINS 2011 [42] | Audit (single centre) | 4 | 7 | 16 | 10 | 37 | No | No |
NASHEL 1982 [43] | Case series | Â | Â | Â | 2 | 2 | No | No |
NEUSS 1986 [44] | Case report | Â | Â | Â | 1 | 1 | Yes | Yes |
ORTEL 1974 [45] | Case report | Â | Â | 1 | Â | 1 | No | No |
PATEL 2016 [46] | Case report | Â | Â | 1 | Â | 1 | No | Yes |
PETERSEL 2007 [47] | Audit (single centre) | 38 | 38 | No | No | |||
RANA 1997 [48] | Case series | Â | Â | 3 | 3 | No | No | |
RIEGER 1990 [49] | Case report | Â | Â | Â | 1 | 1 | No | Yes |
RUTKOVE 1996 [50] | Case series | Â | Â | Â | 4 | 4 | No | No |
SU 2015 [51] | Case report | Â | Â | Â | 1 | 1 | No | No |
VAN DER VALDEN 2008 [52] | Case report | Â | Â | Â | 1 | 1 | No | No |
WILBUR 2004 [53] | Case series | Â | Â | 1 | 1 | 2 | Yes | Yes |
WRIGHT 2017 [54] | Audit | 128 | 128 | No | No | |||
YOON 2001 [55] | Case report | Â | Â | 1 | Â | 1 | Yes | Yes |
YU 2018 [56] | Audit | 9 | Â | 9 | No | No | ||
ZAGLER 2009 [57] | Case report | Â | Â | 1 | Â | 1 | No | Yes |
IL-1 INHIBITORS | ||||||||
SCHLESINGER 2011 [58] | Phase 2 RCT – an extension of a phase 2 RCT by So et al., 2010 (multi-centre) | 95 |  | 95 | No | No | ||
SCHLESINGER 2012 (β-RELIEVED & β-RELIEVED-II) [59] | Two phase 3 RCTs, followed by extension studies for both trials (multi-centre) |  | 123 | 59 |  | 182 | No | No |
SO 2007 [60] | Pilot, open-labelled study (single-centre) | 2 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 10 | No | No |
SO 2010 [61] | Phase 2 RCT (multi-centre) | 95 | Â | 95 | No | No | ||
SUNKUREDDI 2011 [62] | Post-hoc analyses of the RCTs (β-RELIEVED & β-RELIEVED-II) ACR abstract |  | 188 | 188 | No | No | ||
SUNKUREDDI 2013 [63] | Post-hoc analyses of the RCTs (β-RELIEVED & β-RELIEVED-II) EULAR abstract |  | 65 | 65 | No | No | ||
SUNKUREDDI 2014 [64] | Post-hoc analysis of an RCT (multi-centre) ACR abstract | Â | Â | 24 | 24 | No | No | |
TERKELTAUB 2009 [65] | Crossover trial (multi-centre) | 2 | Â | 2 | No | No | ||
TERKELTAUB 2012 [66] | Post-hoc analyses of RCTs (PRE-SURGE 1, PRE-SURGE 2 and RE-SURGE) ACR abstract | Â | 624 | 103 | Â | 727 | No | No |
ADLER 2017 [67] | Case report | Â | Â | Â | 1 | 1 | Yes | No |
AOUBA 2015 [68] | Case series (single-centre) | 1 | 1 | 1 | Â | 3 | Yes | Yes |
BARTOV 2013 [69] | Case report | Â | Â | Â | 1 | 1 | Yes | Yes |
CHEN 2010 [70] | Case series (single-centre) | Â | 2 | 5 | 3 | 10 | No | No |
DIREZ 2012 [71] | Case report | Â | Â | Â | 1 | 1 | Yes | Yes |
DONMEZ 2014 [72] | Case report | Â | Â | 1 | Â | 1 | No | No |
FUNCK-BRENTANO 2011 [73] | Case report | Â | Â | Â | 1 | 1 | No | No |
GHOSH 2013 [74] | Case series (single-centre) | Â | Â | 5 | 5 | No | No | |
GRATTON 2009 [75] | Case report | Â | Â | Â | 1 | 1 | No | No |
LOUSTAU 2018 [76] | Case series (multi-centre) | Â | Â | 6 | 25 | 31 | Yes | Yes |
MAROTTO 2018 [77] | Case report | Â | Â | 1 | Â | 1 | Yes | Yes |
MCGONAGLE 2007 [78] | Case report | Â | Â | 1 | Â | 1 | No | No |
OTTAVIANI 2013 [79] | Case series (multi-centre) | Â | Â | 40 | 40 | No | No | |
PALMA 2016 [80] | Case series (single-centre) ACR abstract | Â | Â | 18 | Â | 18 | No | No |
PEREZ-RUIZ 2013 [81] | Case series (single-centre) EULAR abstract | 2 | Â | 6 | Â | 8 | Yes | Yes |
SINGH 2009 [82] | Case report | Â | Â | 1 | Â | 1 | No | No |
TRAN 2011 [83] | Case series | Â | Â | 1 | Â | 1 | Yes | No |
NON-STEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS | ||||||||
KAHL 1989 [84] | Case series | Â | Â | 1 | 1 | 2 | Yes | Yes |
MIKHNEVICH 2013 [85] | Case series | 82 | 15 | 97 | No | No | ||
SCHLONDORFF 1993 [86] | Case report | Â | 1 | Â | Â | 1 | Yes | Yes |
ZAGLER 2009 [57] | Case report | Â | Â | 1 | Â | 1 | Yes | Yes |
GLUCOCORTICOIDS | ||||||||
SUNKUREDDI 2014 [64] | Post-hoc analysis of an RCT (multi-centre) ACR abstract | Â | Â | 24 | 24 | No | No | |
BAJAJ 2004 [87] | Case series (single-centre) | 4 | 2 | 4 | 10 | No | No | |
FARGETTI 2012 [88] | Case report | Â | Â | 1 | Â | 1 | No | No |
HAUSCH 1991 [89] | Case report | Â | Â | 1 | Â | 1 | No | No |
HILL 2008 [90] | Case report | Â | Â | Â | 1 | 1 | No | No |
KARIMZADEH 2009 [91] | Case report | Â | Â | 1 | Â | 1 | No | No |
MAEKAWA 2014 [92] | Case report | Â | Â | Â | 1 | 1 | No | No |
RICHETTE 2006 [93] | Case report | Â | Â | Â | 1 | 1 | No | No |
SARMENTO 2009 [94] | Case report | Â | Â | 1 | Â | 1 | No | No |
TAUSCHE 2011 [95] | Case report | Â | Â | 1 | Â | 1 | Yes | Yes |
UDAYAKUMAR 2010 [96] | Case report | Â | Â | 1 | Â | 1 | No | No |
ZAGLER 2009 [57] | Case report | Â | Â | 1 | Â | 1 | Yes | Yes |