Fig. 1

Th cells induce a metabolic shift towards aerobic glycolysis in SF. OASF (n = 12) and RASF (n = 12) were cultured for 4 days in the presence of [U-¹³C]-glucose either under resting conditions or stimulated by conditioned culture media of activated Th cells (ThCM). The amount of [U-¹³C]-glucose and [U-¹³C]-lactate produced by the SF was measured using ¹H NMR spectroscopy. a Representative examples of ¹H NMR spectra of SF stimulated by ThCM (red) and unstimulated SF (blue). b The amount of secreted [U-¹³C]-lactate and the ratio of [U-¹³C]-glucose metabolized by glycolysis (Gly) and those metabolized by oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) was determined for SF culture supernatants. Results are presented as the mean ± SEM. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, Mann-Whitney U test and Wilcoxon signed-rank test. w/o stim, without stimulation