Fig. 2

Direct effect of dietary habits on serum urate levels, independent of BMI: multivariable Mendelian randomisation. The solid red arrow and values indicate the causal effect identified in the original inverse variance weighted MR; the dashed red arrow indicates the correlated pleiotropy between BMI and the dietary habit, influencing this original inverse variance weighted MR result; the black arrows and values indicate the causal effect independent of the other exposure variable. Beta values are in mmol/L. Figure 2a relates to results for preferentially drinking skim milk (vs. any other milk type); Fig. 2b relates to results for consuming tub margarine (vs. no spread use)—the dashed red arrow is paler in this figure due to the lower confidence surrounding the correlated pleiotropy; Fig. 2c relates to results for preferentially drinking milk with a higher fat content; and Fig. 2d relates to results for dried fruit consumption (pieces per day)