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Table 3 Associations of dichotomised risk variables with serum urate levels (including percent variance explained)

From: The comparative effect of exposure to various risk factors on the risk of hyperuricaemia: diet has a weak causal effect

Risk factor

Cohort 1 (US-based)

Cohort 2 (UK-based)

Cohort 3 (UK-based)

Gout cohort (UK-based)

Beta (95% CI)

R2 (%)

Beta (95% CI)

R2 (%)

Beta (95% CI)

R2 (%)

Beta (95% CI)

R2 (%)

Sex - male

0.078 (0.076; 0.080)

22.4

0.076 (0.075; 0.077)

27.2

0.075 (0.075; 0.076)

25.9

0.062 (0.055; 0.070)

3.7

BMI ≥25 kg/m2

0.041 (0.038; 0.043)

7.3

0.039 (0.038; 0.041)

9.0

0.040 (0.039; 0.040)

8.5

0.032 (0.025; 0.039)

1.8

SLC2A9, rs12498742

A-allele present

0.044 (0.039; 0.049)

2.5

0.048 (0.046; 0.050)

3.4

0.047 (0.046; 0.047)

3.0

0.026 (0.009; 0.043)

0.02

Diet non-adherence

0.008 (−0.006; 0.021)#

0.01

0.008 (0.006; 0.010)#

0.1

0.005 (0.004; 0.005)*

0.1

0.004 (−0.003; 0.010)*

0.01

Alcohol ≥1 drink/week

0.004 (0.002; 0.007)

0.2

0.008 (0.007; 0.009)

0.4

0.009 (0.008; 0.009)

0.5

0.005 (−0.001; 0.010)

0.3

On diuretic therapy

0.058 (0.054; 0.061)

11.7

0.047 (0.045; 0.049)

3.7

0.049 (0.048; 0.050)

4.5

0.029 (0.029; 0.035)

1.7

Age ≥ 50 years

0.014 (0.012; 0.017)

0.9

0.009 (0.008; 0.010)

0.4

0.009 (0.009; 0.010)

0.4

^

^

Not treated with urate-lowering therapy

^

^

^

^

^

^

0.133 (0.129; 0.138)

35.2

  1. #Non-adherence to DASH guidelines; *Non-adherence to the Harvard Healthy Eating Pyramid guidelines; ^Data not applicable or variable is not a risk factor in this group
  2. Beta values represent urate change in mmol/L between risk groups. R2 – partial R2 value (R2B) converted to a percentage (R2 * 100). All analyses are adjusted in a multivariable linear regression model for the other risk factors. Risk for SLC2A9 rs12498742 was calculated under a dominant model. For the Gout cohort in a model including age, the beta was −0.036 (−0.043; −0.029) and the R2 was 1.7