Skip to main content
Fig. 2 | Arthritis Research & Therapy

Fig. 2

From: Toll-like receptor 2 induced senescence in intervertebral disc cells of patients with back pain can be attenuated by o-vanillin

Fig. 2

o-Vanillin reduced the number of senescent cells and enhanced proteoglycan production in cell pellet cultures from degenerate IVDs. All experiments were performed on day 21. a Representative photomicrographs of p16ink4a immunohistochemistry staining in pellet cultures from degenerate IVD cells either treated with o-vanillin or not (CTRL). Examples of positive cell are indicated by the red arrow and for negative cells by the black arrow. b Quantification of the percentage of p16ink4a positive cells in the pellet cultures; n = 3. c Images for Safranin O staining for proteoglycan content in CTRL and o-vanillin cell pellet cultures from degenerate IVD. d sGAG concentration measured using DMMB assay in the culture media of CTRL and o-vanillin cell pellets; n = 5. e Percentage of change in concentration of IL-1β, IL-8, IL-6, and TNF-α in pellet culture media from untreated and o-vanillin treated degenerate IVD cells measured by ELISAs. Percent difference was evaluated by normalizing the post-treated media to the pre-treated media; n = 5. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ****p < 0.0001. b, d, e Mean ± SD, Statistical analysis was done using paired t-test

Back to article page