Fig. 3
o-Vanillin reduced gene expression of p16, TLR-2 and SASP factors following TLR-2 activation in IVD cells from patients with back pain and IVD degeneration. a–c Gene expression of a senescence markers p16ink4a and p21; b TLR-1, -2, -4, and -6; and c SASP factors (CCL2, CCL5, CCL7, CCL8, GM CSF, BDNF, NGF, TNF-α, TGF-β, CLCX1, CLCX8, CLCX10) of disc cells from degenerate IVDs cultured for 48 h with TLR-2/6 agonist with o-vanillin (TLR-2/6 + VAN) or without o-vanillin (TLR-2/6) treatment for 6 h or no induction with TLR-2/6. Fold changes were normalized relative to non-induced control. #p < 0.05, ##p < 0.01, ###p < 0.001 indicate significant difference between the TLR-2/6 treated to the non-induced control and *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 indicate significant difference between groups TLR-2/6 + VAN and TLR-2/6. a–c Mean ± SD, measured by two-way ANOVA with Sidak’s multiple comparisons test. Values are expressed in average fold change for n = 5