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Table 4 Changes in gait biomechanics in each strategy type and comparison between strategy types

From: Strategies for increasing gait speed in patients with hip osteoarthritis: their clinical significance and effects on hip loading

 

Type S (n = 11)

Type C (n = 23)

Type SC (n = 13)

P-value (effect size, f)

Normal

Fast

Change (%)

Normal

Fast

Change (%)

Normal

Fast

Change (%)

Type

Speed

Interaction

Gait speed, m/s

1.13 ± 0.10

1.31 ± 0.13

15.6 ± 6.9

1.19 ± 0.15

1.36 ± 0.14

15.2 ± 7.9

1.10 ± 0.16

1.31 ± 0.18

19.6 ± 7.4

0.298 (0.24)

< 0.001 (2.34)

0.348 (0.22)

Stride length, (% leg length)

147.2 ± 9.8

163.5 ± 17.2

10.9 ± 7.4

153.9 ± 10.1

157.4 ± 10.2

2.3 ± 2.7*

145.8 ± 13.9

158.1 ± 14.6

8.5 ± 2.8

0.651 (0.14)

< 0.001 (1.64)

< 0.001 (0.89)

Cadence, steps/min

120.4 ± 8.5

126.4 ± 12.8

4.8 ± 5.0a

117.0 ± 8.8

131.4 ± 10.4

12.4 ± 6.3

117.5 ± 11.2

129.4 ± 11.4

10.2 ± 4.2

0.966 (0.04)

< 0.001 (1.72)

0.002 (0.57)

Hip moment (peak), Nm/kg

 Flexion

0.47 ± 0.11

0.72 ± 0.25

53.8 ± 37.0

0.49 ± 0.11

0.68 ± 0.16

44.5 ± 32.9

0.44 ± 0.12

0.63 ± 0.22

43.5 ± 32.5

0.469 (0.19)

< 0.001 (1.28)

0.587 (0.16)

 Extension

0.30 ± 0.10

0.35 ± 0.09

19.8 ± 13.1

0.31 ± 0.09

0.38 ± 0.08

28.0 ± 22.0

0.30 ± 0.09

0.38 ± 0.10

30.7 ± 21.5

0.889 (0.07)

< 0.001 (1.54)

0.177 (0.29)

 Adduction

0.65 ± 0.11

0.69 ± 0.10

6.8 ± 6.7

0.70 ± 0.13

0.73 ± 0.13

4.2 ± 7.1b

0.65 ± 0.10

0.73 ± 0.11

13.6 ± 8.0

0.581 (0.16)

< 0.001 (1.10)

0.002 (0.56)

 Internal rotation

0.09 ± 0.04

0.12 ± 0.04

34.7 ± 35.7

0.12 ± 0.04

0.14 ± 0.04

19.1 ± 19.9b

0.10 ± 0.04

0.14 ± 0.04

47.8 ± 34.5

0.284 (0.24)

< 0.001 (1.47)

0.021 (0.44)

 External rotation

0.07 ± 0.02

0.07 ± 0.03

3.9 ± 16.5

0.07 ± 0.03

0.08 ± 0.03

7.1 ± 20.0

0.09 ± 0.02

0.10 ± 0.03

8.9 ± 26.1

0.130 (0.38)

0.020 (0.36)

0.786 (0.11)

Hip moment (impulse), Nm/kg

 Flexion/extension

0.09 ± 0.02

0.10 ± 0.02

3.2 ± 12.7

0.11 ± 0.03

0.11 ± 0.02

2.3 ± 9.2

0.09 ± 0.02

0.10 ± 0.02

4.1 ± 10.2

0.213 (0.27)

0.334 (0.15)

0.843 (0.09)

 Abduction/adduction

0.25 ± 0.05

0.24 ± 0.05

− 7.2 ± 5.2

0.27 ± 0.05

0.24 ± 0.05

− 11.9 ± 6.9

0.26 ± 0.06

0.23 ± 0.06

− 10.9 ± 5.1

0.912 (0.06)

< 0.001 (1.60)

0.068 (0.36)

 External/internal rotation

0.03 ± 0.01

0.03 ± 0.01

2.7 ± 12.5

0.03 ± 0.01

0.03 ± 0.01

− 2.3 ± 10.4

0.03 ± 0.01

0.03 ± 0.01

5.3 ± 14.5

0.178 (0.28)

0.345 (0.14)

0.184 (0.28)

 Total

0.38 ± 0.06

0.36 ± 0.06

− 4.1 ± 4.4

0.41 ± 0.06

0.37 ± 0.06

− 7.5 ± 5.6

0.38 ± 0.06

0.36 ± 0.07

− 6.2 ± 4.2

0.561 (0.16)

< 0.001 (1.09)

0.139 (0.31)

  1. Values are mean ± standard deviation. Bold indicates statistically significant
  2. *Difference compared with type S (P < 0.001, effect size d = 1.54) and type SC (P < 0.001, effect size d = 2.25)
  3. aDifference compared with type C (P = 0.003, effect size d = 1.34) and type SC (P = 0.018, effect size d = 1.17)
  4. bDifference compared with type SC (adduction, P = 0.003, effect size d = 1.24; internal rotation, P = 0.009, effect size d = 1.02)