| Type S (n = 11) | Type C (n = 23) | Type SC (n = 13) | P-value (effect size, f) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Normal | Fast | Change (%) | Normal | Fast | Change (%) | Normal | Fast | Change (%) | Type | Speed | Interaction | |
Gait speed, m/s | 1.13 ± 0.10 | 1.31 ± 0.13 | 15.6 ± 6.9 | 1.19 ± 0.15 | 1.36 ± 0.14 | 15.2 ± 7.9 | 1.10 ± 0.16 | 1.31 ± 0.18 | 19.6 ± 7.4 | 0.298 (0.24) | < 0.001 (2.34) | 0.348 (0.22) |
Stride length, (% leg length) | 147.2 ± 9.8 | 163.5 ± 17.2 | 10.9 ± 7.4 | 153.9 ± 10.1 | 157.4 ± 10.2 | 2.3 ± 2.7* | 145.8 ± 13.9 | 158.1 ± 14.6 | 8.5 ± 2.8 | 0.651 (0.14) | < 0.001 (1.64) | < 0.001 (0.89) |
Cadence, steps/min | 120.4 ± 8.5 | 126.4 ± 12.8 | 4.8 ± 5.0a | 117.0 ± 8.8 | 131.4 ± 10.4 | 12.4 ± 6.3 | 117.5 ± 11.2 | 129.4 ± 11.4 | 10.2 ± 4.2 | 0.966 (0.04) | < 0.001 (1.72) | 0.002 (0.57) |
Hip moment (peak), Nm/kg | ||||||||||||
 Flexion | 0.47 ± 0.11 | 0.72 ± 0.25 | 53.8 ± 37.0 | 0.49 ± 0.11 | 0.68 ± 0.16 | 44.5 ± 32.9 | 0.44 ± 0.12 | 0.63 ± 0.22 | 43.5 ± 32.5 | 0.469 (0.19) | < 0.001 (1.28) | 0.587 (0.16) |
 Extension | 0.30 ± 0.10 | 0.35 ± 0.09 | 19.8 ± 13.1 | 0.31 ± 0.09 | 0.38 ± 0.08 | 28.0 ± 22.0 | 0.30 ± 0.09 | 0.38 ± 0.10 | 30.7 ± 21.5 | 0.889 (0.07) | < 0.001 (1.54) | 0.177 (0.29) |
 Adduction | 0.65 ± 0.11 | 0.69 ± 0.10 | 6.8 ± 6.7 | 0.70 ± 0.13 | 0.73 ± 0.13 | 4.2 ± 7.1b | 0.65 ± 0.10 | 0.73 ± 0.11 | 13.6 ± 8.0 | 0.581 (0.16) | < 0.001 (1.10) | 0.002 (0.56) |
 Internal rotation | 0.09 ± 0.04 | 0.12 ± 0.04 | 34.7 ± 35.7 | 0.12 ± 0.04 | 0.14 ± 0.04 | 19.1 ± 19.9b | 0.10 ± 0.04 | 0.14 ± 0.04 | 47.8 ± 34.5 | 0.284 (0.24) | < 0.001 (1.47) | 0.021 (0.44) |
 External rotation | 0.07 ± 0.02 | 0.07 ± 0.03 | 3.9 ± 16.5 | 0.07 ± 0.03 | 0.08 ± 0.03 | 7.1 ± 20.0 | 0.09 ± 0.02 | 0.10 ± 0.03 | 8.9 ± 26.1 | 0.130 (0.38) | 0.020 (0.36) | 0.786 (0.11) |
Hip moment (impulse), Nm/kg | ||||||||||||
 Flexion/extension | 0.09 ± 0.02 | 0.10 ± 0.02 | 3.2 ± 12.7 | 0.11 ± 0.03 | 0.11 ± 0.02 | 2.3 ± 9.2 | 0.09 ± 0.02 | 0.10 ± 0.02 | 4.1 ± 10.2 | 0.213 (0.27) | 0.334 (0.15) | 0.843 (0.09) |
 Abduction/adduction | 0.25 ± 0.05 | 0.24 ± 0.05 | − 7.2 ± 5.2 | 0.27 ± 0.05 | 0.24 ± 0.05 | − 11.9 ± 6.9 | 0.26 ± 0.06 | 0.23 ± 0.06 | − 10.9 ± 5.1 | 0.912 (0.06) | < 0.001 (1.60) | 0.068 (0.36) |
 External/internal rotation | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 2.7 ± 12.5 | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 0.03 ± 0.01 | − 2.3 ± 10.4 | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 5.3 ± 14.5 | 0.178 (0.28) | 0.345 (0.14) | 0.184 (0.28) |
 Total | 0.38 ± 0.06 | 0.36 ± 0.06 | − 4.1 ± 4.4 | 0.41 ± 0.06 | 0.37 ± 0.06 | − 7.5 ± 5.6 | 0.38 ± 0.06 | 0.36 ± 0.07 | − 6.2 ± 4.2 | 0.561 (0.16) | < 0.001 (1.09) | 0.139 (0.31) |