Parameter | Opioid users | Controls | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cross-sectional | n | 181 | Â | 362 | Â |
 Age (years; mean, SD) | 60.4 | 9.4 | 60.4 | 8.3 | |
 BMI (kg/m2; mean, SD) | 29.6 | 5.0 | 29.6 | 5.0 | |
 Sex | Male (n, %) | 57 | 31.5 | 114 | 31.5 |
Female (n, %) | 124 | 68.5 | 248 | 68.5 | |
 Race | Asian (n, %) | 1 | 0.6 | 2 | 0.6 |
White/Caucasian (n, %) | 134 | 74.0 | 268 | 74.0 | |
Black/African-American (n, %) | 46 | 25.4 | 92 | 25.4 | |
 Weak opioidsa (n = 94) | Tramadol (n, %) | 62 | 34.3 |  |  |
Codeine (n, %) | 23 | 12.7 | Â | Â | |
Propoxyphene (n, %) | 9 | 5.0 | Â | Â | |
 Strong opioidsa (n = 87) | Hydrocodone (n, %) | 57 | 31.5 |  |  |
Fentanyl (n, %) | 1 | 0.6 | Â | Â | |
Methadone (n, %) | 3 | 1.7 | Â | Â | |
Oxycodone (n, %) | 22 | 12.2 | Â | Â | |
Hydromorphone (n, %) | 1 | 0.6 | Â | Â | |
Morphine (n, %) | 2 | 1.1 | Â | Â | |
Oxymorphone (n, %) | 1 | 0.6 | Â | Â | |
 Outcome variables |  |  |  |  | |
  WORMSc | Total (mean, range) | 11.6 | (0–48) | 18.9 | (0–60) |
Cartilage (mean, range) | 5.7 | (0–20) | 8.3 | (0–25) | |
Meniscus (mean, range) | 1.9 | (0–13) | 3.6 | (0–17) | |
BMEL (mean, range) | 2.1 | (0–9) | 2.6 | (0–12) | |
Subchondral cyst (mean, range) | 1.0 | (0–9) | 1.9 | (0–10) | |
  KOOSd | QOL (mean, range) | 73.1 | (6.3–100) | 60.2 | (0–100) |
Symptom (mean, range) | 90.0 | (46.4–100) | 83.4 | (32.1–100) | |
Pain (mean, range) | 88.6 | (38.9–100) | 78.6 | (11.1–100) | |
Longitudinal | n | 79 | Â | 158 | Â |
 Age (years; mean, SD) | 59.6 | 8.8 | 59.6 | 8.7 | |
 BMI (kg/m2; mean, SD) | 28.2 | 4.8 | 28.2 | 4.8 | |
 Sex | Male (n, %) | 26 | 32.9 | 52 | 32.9 |
Female (n, %) | 53 | 67.1 | 158 | 67.1 | |
 Race | White/Caucasian (n, %) | 60 | 76.0 | 120 | 76.0 |
Black/African-American (n, %) | 19 | 24.1 | 38 | 24.1 | |
 Weak opioidsa (n = 38) | Tramadol (n, %) | 31 | 39.2 |  |  |
Codeine (n, %) | 4 | 5.1 | Â | Â | |
Propoxyphene (n, %) | 3 | 3.8 | Â | Â | |
 Strong opioidsa,b (n = 41) | Hydrocodone (n, %) | 31 | 39.2 |  |  |
Fentanyl (n, %) | 1 | 1.3 | Â | Â | |
Oxycodone (n, %) | 9 | 11.4 | Â | Â |