Table 1 Best evidence synthesis of clinical markers
Category | Marker | Good/fair quality studies | Poor quality studies | Evidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Comorbidities | Diabetes mellitus | Â | Strong evidence of no association | |
Diarrhea | 1x no association [21] | Strong evidence of no association | ||
Infection requiring antibiotics | 1x positive association [20] 1x no association [18] | Â | Conflicting evidence | |
Uveitis | 1x positive association [18] | Â | Moderate evidence of positive association | |
Disease characteristics (general) | (worsening) Fatigue | 1x positive association [22] | Â | Moderate evidence of positive association |
Worsening function | 1x positive association [22] | Â | Moderate evidence of positive association | |
Younger age at Pso onset | 2x positive association [23, 24] 1x no association [25] | Â | Conflicting evidence | |
Disease characteristics (joints) | Arthralgia in women (not men) | 1x positive association [22] | Â | Moderate evidence of positive association |
Cortical vBMD entheseal | 1x negative association [26] | Â | Moderate evidence of negative association | |
Heel pain | 1x positive association [22] | Â | Moderate evidence of positive association | |
(worsening) Stiffness | 1x positive association [22] | Â | Moderate evidence of positive association | |
Structural entheseal lesion | 1x positive association [26] | Â | Moderate evidence of positive association | |
Worsening pain | 1x positive association [22] | Â | Moderate evidence of positive association | |
Disease characteristics (skin/nails) | Duration of Pso | 1x no association [27] | 1x positive association [28] | Conflicting evidence |
Intergluteal lesions | 1x positive association [25] | Â | Moderate evidence of positive association | |
Nail pitting | 1x positive association [18] | Â | Moderate evidence of positive association | |
Psoriatic nail lesion | 3x no association [18, 19, 27] 1x positive association [25] | Â | Strong evidence of no association | |
Scalp lesions | 1x no association [27] 1x positive association [25] | Â | Conflicting evidence | |
Severity of Pso | 1x positive association [28] | Conflicting evidence | ||
Fertility | Fertility treatment | 1x no association [20] | 1x no association [21] | Moderate evidence of no association |
Hormone replacement therapy | 1x no association [20] | 1x no association [21] | Moderate evidence of no association | |
Menopause | Â | Strong evidence of no association | ||
Oral contraceptives | 1x no association [21] | Strong evidence of no association | ||
Pregnancy | 1x no association [20] 1x negative association [19] | 1x no association [21] | Conflicting evidence | |
Intoxication | Alcohol consumption | 1x mixed results [29] | Strong evidence of no association | |
Current smoking | 1x negative association [28] 1x no association [32] | Conflicting evidence | ||
Past smoking | 3x no association [18, 29, 31] 1x negative association [20] | Strong evidence of no association | ||
Smoking intensity | Â | 1x positive association [32] | Limited evidence of positive association | |
Medication | Corticosteroids use | 1x positive association [19] | Â | Moderate evidence of positive association |
Influenza vaccination | 1x no association [20] | 1x no association [21] | Moderate evidence of no association | |
Methotrexate use | Â | Strong evidence of no association | ||
Retinoid use | 1x positive association [18] | Â | Moderate evidence of positive association | |
Rubella vaccination | 1x no association [20] | 1x positive association [21] | Conflicting evidence | |
Tetanus vaccination | 1x no association [20] | 1x no association [21] | Moderate evidence of no association | |
Patient characteristics | Age | Â | Strong evidence of no association | |
BMI | 1x positive association [34] | Conflicting evidence | ||
BMI at 18 years | 1x positive association [24] | 1x no association [34] | Conflicting evidence | |
Patient reported family history of PsA | Â | Strong evidence of no association | ||
Female sex | 1x no association [28] | Strong evidence of no association | ||
Hip circumference | Â | 1x positive association [34] | Limited evidence of positive association | |
University or high school level of education | 1x no association [20] 1x negative association [18] | Â | Conflicting evidence | |
Waist circumference | Â | 1x positive association [34] | Limited evidence of positive association | |
Waist-hip ratio | Â | 1x positive association [34] | Limited evidence of positive association | |
Weight increase from 18 years |  | 1x positive association [34] | Limited evidence of positive association | |
Physical stress | Lifting heavy loads | 1x positive association [20] | Â | Moderate evidence of positive association |
Trauma | 1x mixed results [21] 1x positive association [35] | Strong evidence of no association | ||
Psychological distress | Anxiety/depression | 1x positive association [36] | 1x no association [21] | Conflicting evidence |
Change in work status | 1x no association [20] | 1x no association [21] | Moderate evidence of no association | |
Death of a family member | 1x no association [20] | 1x no association [21] | Moderate evidence of no association | |
Move to a new house | 1x no association [20] | 1x positive association [21] | Conflicting evidence | |
Psychological distress | 1x no association [22] 1x no association [19] | Â | Strong evidence of no association |