Fig. 1

Phenotype and frequency of B cell subsets in SLE patients. a Representative gating strategy of CD19⁺ B cells from one SLE patient and one HC. The four independent subpopulations were gated: unswitched memory B cells (USW, IgD⁺CD27⁺), naïve B cells (NAV, IgD⁺CD27^-), double negative B cells (DN, IgD^-CD27^-), and switched memory B cells (SWM, IgD^-CD27+). b The frequency of USW, NAV, DN, and SWM B cells in SLE patients (n = 20) compared to HCs (n = 11). Bars represent median with interquartile range. p values were determined by the Mann-Whitney U test: *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001; ****p < 0.0001