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Table 1 Patient characteristics by HDAS category (n = 342)

From: Disease course following High Disease Activity Status revealed patterns in SLE

Patient characteristic

HDAS patient category

Evidence of difference in characteristic (p value)c

Never experienced HDAS (n = 191)

One HDAS visit (n = 36)

Recurrent but not Persistent HDAS (n = 43)

Persistent HDAS (n = 72)

Female sex

168 (88.0%)

30 (83.3%)

39 (90.7%)

59 (81.9%)

0.46

Asian ethnicitya

67 (35.8%)

16 (48.5%)

26 (61.9%)

33 (45.8%)

0.014

Age at diagnosis (years), median (IQR)

32 (25, 45)

27 (19, 46.5)

26 (20, 37)

28.5 (21, 35)

0.012

Disease duration at enrolment (years), median (IQR)

3 (0.6, 11.5)

4.6 (0.8, 11.2)

5.7 (2, 12.8)

4.05 (0.85, 10.3)

0.64

Total patient observation time (years), median (IQR)

4.9 (3, 8.7)

5.6 (2.1, 8.1)

8.3 (4.7, 10.4)

8.8 (5.1, 12.1)

< 0.001

Categorical observation time variable

 < 5 years

98 (51.3%)

17 (47.2%)

12 (27.9%)

17 (23.6%)

< 0.001

 5–10 years

62 (32.5%)

13 (36.1%)

17 (39.5%)

22 (30.6%)

 

 10+ years

31 (16.2%)

6 (16.7%)

14 (32.6%)

33 (45.8%)

 

Organ involvement

 Skin

126 (66.0%)

18 (50.0%)

31 (72.1%)

45 (62.5%)

0.20

 Arthritis

134 (70.2%)

23 (63.9%)

31 (72.1%)

44 (61.1%)

0.46

 Haematological

92 (48.2%)

21 (58.3%)

27 (62.8%)

40 (55.6%)

0.26

 Renal

43 (22.5%)

12 (33.3%)

24 (55.8%)

50 (69.4%)

< 0.001

 Serositis

49 (25.7%)

11 (30.6%)

18 (41.9%)

38 (52.8%)

< 0.001

 Neurological

16 (8.4%)

3 (8.3%)

7 (16.3%)

19 (26.4%)

0.001

Serological profile

 Anti_dsDNA

123 (65.1%)

30 (85.7%)

42 (97.7%)

70 (97.2%)

< 0.001

 Anti_Sm

20 (11.0%)

8 (22.9%)

12 (28.6%)

17 (23.6%)

0.007

 Anti_Ro

74 (40.7%)

17 (48.6%)

26 (61.9%)

38 (52.8%)

0.052

 Anti-phospholipid-autoantibody-positive

94 (49.2%)

18 (50.0%)

25 (58.1%)

42 (58.3%)

0.49

 Low complement at baselineb

89 (46.6%)

24 (66.7%)

29 (67.4%)

58 (80.6%)

< 0.001

 Anti-dsDNA-positive and low complement at baseline

60 (31.4%)

20 (55.6%)

29 (67.4%)

57 (79.2%)

< 0.001

Adjusted mean SLEDAI, median (IQR)

2.2 (1.2, 3.5)

4.1 (3.55, 5.5)

5.2 (4.1, 6.2)

6.4 (5.0, 8.1)

< 0.001

Mild/moderate flare rate, median (IQR) per 100 person-years

0.3 (0, .6)

0.5 (0.3, 1.05)

0.9 (0.6, 1.2)

0.9 (0.6, 1.3)

< 0.001

Severe flare rate, median (IQR) per 100 person-years

0 (0, 0)

0.1 (0, 0.4)

0.2 (0.1, .4)

0.5 (0.2, 0.9)

< 0.001

Damage accrual over observation period

51 (26.7%)

13 (36.1%)

20 (46.5%)

48 (66.7%)

< 0.001

Treatment received

 Hydroxychloroquine

175 (91.6%)

32 (88.9%)

43 (100.0%)

69 (95.8%)

0.12

 Other immunosuppressantsd

119 (62.3%)

29 (80.6%)

41 (95.3%)

72 (100.0%)

< 0.001

 Hydroxychloroquine/other immunosuppressantsd

183 (95.8%)

35 (97.2%)

43 (100.0%)

72 (100.0%)

0.18

 Mycophenolate

43 (22.5%)

15 (41.7%)

29 (67.4%)

56 (77.8%)

< 0.001

 Azathioprine

53 (27.7%)

15 (41.7%)

24 (55.8%)

41 (56.9%)

< 0.001

 Methotrexate

44 (23.0%)

9 (25.0%)

8 (18.6%)

19 (26.4%)

0.81

 Cyclophosphamide

4 (2.1%)

0 (0.0%)

3 (7.0%)

17 (23.6%)

< 0.001

 Tacrolimus

3 (1.6%)

0 (0.0%)

4 (9.3%)

4 (5.6%)

0.026

 Leflunomide

11 (5.8%)

1 (2.8%)

1 (2.3%)

4 (5.6%)

0.73

 Prednisolone (any dose)

128 (67.0%)

32 (88.9%)

41 (95.3%)

71 (98.6%)

< 0.001

 Prednisolone > 15 mg per day

61 (31.9%)

20 (55.6%)

34 (79.1%)

64 (88.9%)

< 0.001

  1. a89.1% (156) of non-Asians were of Caucasian ethnicity; other ethnicities reported included Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander, African, Egyptian, Latin American, Maori, Middle Eastern, Pacific Islander, and Turkish ethnicity and persons of mixed ethnicity
  2. bIncludes positivity for anti-cardiolipin, anti-beta2GPI, or lupus anticoagulant
  3. cTests used to compare the HDAS categories included the Pearson’s chi-squared test, Fisher’s exact test, and the Kruskal-Wallis test
  4. dOther immunosuppressants include mycophenolate, azathioprine, methotrexate, cyclophosphamide, tacrolimus, leflunomide, chloroquine, mercaptopurine, and sulfasalazine