Table 2 Clinical associations that predict HDAS patient categories

Asian ethnicity

1.69 (0.80–3.55; 0.170)

2.91 (1.46–5.81; 0.002)

1.52 (0.87–2.63; 0.140)

Total patient observation (years)

0.99 (0.89–1.09; 0.783)

1.13 (1.04–1.24; 0.006)

1.21 (1.12–1.30; < 0.001)

 < 5 years

1.0 (not applicable)

1.0 (not applicable)

1.0 (not applicable)

 5–10 years

1.21 (0.55–2.66; 0.638)

2.24 (1.0–5.0; 0.050)

2.05 (1.0–4.15; 0.048)

 10+ years

1.12 (0.40–3.08; 0.832)

3.69 (1.54–8.81; 0.003)

6.14 (3.01–12.49; < 0.001)

 Skin

0.52 (0.25–1.06; 0.071)

1.33 (0.64–2.77; 0.441)

0.86 (0.49–1.51; 0.599)

 Arthritis

0.75 (0.36–1.59; 0.456)

1.10 (0.53–2.29; 0.801)

0.67 (0.38–1.18; 0.163)

 Haematological

1.51 (0.73–3.10; 0.265)

1.82 (0.92–3.59; 0.086)

1.35 (0.78–2.32; 0.286)

 Renal

1.72 (0.80–3.72; 0.168)

4.35 (2.18–8.68; < 0.001)

7.82 (4.27–14.33; < 0.001)

 Serositis

1.28 (0.58–2.78; 0.541)

2.09 (1.05–4.15; 0.036)

3.24 (1.84–5.70; < 0.001)

 Neurological

0.99 (0.27–3.60; 0.993)

2.13 (0.82–5.54; 0.123)

3.92 (1.88–8.16; < 0.001)

 Anti_dsDNA

3.22 (1.19–8.69; 0.021)

22.54 (3.03–167.46; 0.002)

18.78 (4.46–79.03; < 0.001)

 Anti_Sm

2.40 (0.96–6.0; 0.061)

3.24 (1.43–7.32; 0.005)

2.50 (1.22–5.12; 0.012)

 Anti_Ro

1.38 (0.67–2.85; 0.386)

2.37 (1.19–4.73; 0.014)

1.63 (0.94–2.82; 0.081)

 Anti-phospholipid-autoantibody-positive

1.03 (0.51–2.10; 0.931)

1.43 (0.73–2.80; 0.292)

1.44 (0.84–2.50; 0.188)

 Low complement at baseline

2.29 (1.08–4.85; 0.030)

2.37 (1.18–4.77; 0.015)

4.75 (2.48–9.09; < 0.001)

 Anti-dsDNA-positive and low complement at baseline

2.73 (1.32–5.63; 0.007)

4.52 (2.23–9.17; < 0.001)

8.30 (4.35–15.82; < 0.001)