Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and tumor necrosis factor-α in combination is a useful diagnostic biomarker to distinguish familial Mediterranean fever from sepsis

Table 2 Cytokine profile of FMF patients, sepsis patients, and healthy controls

	FMF			Sepsis			HCs			p value
	Median	25th	75th	Median	25th	75th	Median	25th	75th	FMF vs. sepsis	Sepsis vs. HCs	FMF vs. HCs
FGF-2	73.8	53.1	108	25.7	0	34.1	37.7	21.2	52.2	< 0.001	0.016	< 0.001
G-CSF	36.9	22.5	75.0	41.2	10.4	149	8.2	0	23.0	0.99	< 0.0001	< 0.0001
GM-CSF	23.5	10.8	46.6	1.8	0	3.2	1.5	0	6.7	< 0.001	0.41	< 0.0001
GRO	1193	679	1521	967	516	1453	969	750	1204	0.63	0.99	0.22
IFN-g	15.4	7.2	52.6	4.1	0.8	20.8	4.6	1.3	9.8	0.0313	0.98	< 0.0001
IL-17A	9.9	2.9	33.9	0.13	0	2.8	1.93	0.1	5.8	< 0.001	0.11	< 0.0001
IL-6	23.7	5.5	49.0	34.7	0.7	61.1	0	0	0	0.71	< 0.0001	< 0.0001
IL-8	33.1	16.0	44.5	30.8	13.3	55.4	63.03	23.5	108	0.94	0.031	0.048
IP-10	333	185	950	2083	542	4212	271.68	221	352	0.049	< 0.0001	< 0.0001
MCP-1	453	318	752	1263	805	1708	656	526	837	0.015	0.0005	0.023
MIP-1a	10.9	0.2	16.4	6.8	0	24.5	12.4	0	27.8	0.89	0.53	0.28
MIP-1b	60.8	45.1	74.8	32.4	1.0	46.0	53.2	31.1	79.4	0.0016	0.0077	0.69
TNF-α	8.6	5.7	15.7	26.9	16.7	73.9	12.4	9.3	16.6	0.0010	0.0002	0.055
VEGF	184	141	472	28.6	0	151	88.5	26.6	200	0.0002	0.083	< 0.0001
IL-18	94.2	50.6	772	105	75.1	382	112	65.2	181	0.84	0.86	0.71

Values are the median (interquartile range) pg/ml. p values were established using Kruskal-Wallis test followed by a Dunn’s multiple comparisons test. FGF fibroblast growth factor; GM-CSF granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; GRO growth-regulated protein alpha precursor; G-CSF granulocyte colony-stimulating factor; IL interleukin; MCP-1 monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; TNF-α tumor necrosis factor-alpha; VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor. Bonferroni’s correction for multiple-cytokine testing was applied and p < 0.0033 was considered significant

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