Table 3 Crude and adjusted hazard ratios for the association between variable and the risk for 5-year mortality among 2565 enrolled subjects including SLE and matched non-SLE control subjects

SLE (non-SLE as reference)

2.27 (2.01–2.57)

2.20 (1.94–2.49)

2.21 (1.95–2.50)

2.01 (1.77–2.27)

1.47 (1.22–1.77)

Age, (per 1 year increment)

1.03 (1.02–1.03)

1.03 (1.02–1.03)

1.03 (1.02–1.03)

1.02 (1.01–1.02)

1.02 (1.02–1.02)

Gender (male)

1.38 (1.19–1.61)

1.24 (1.07–1.45)

1.23 (1.06–1.44)

1.14 (0.98–1.33)

1.11 (0.95–1.30)

 Urban

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 Suburban

1.01 (0.88–1.17)

1.06 (0.92–1.22)

1.09 (0.94–1.25)

1.11 (0.96–1.28)

 Rural

0.97 (0.83–1.14)

0.89 (0.76–1.05)

0.92 (0.78–1.07)

0.94 (0.80–1.11)

Low insured income^a

1.01 (0.90–1.13)

1.09 (0.97–1.22)

1.06 (0.95–1.19)

1.08 (0.97–1.21)

CCI > 3 (0-3 as reference)

3.06 (2.72–3.43)

2.27 (2.01–2.57)

2.23 (1.97–2.53)

Recent hospitalised infection^b

2.04 (1.75–2.38)

1.35 (1.13–1.60)

1.33 (1.12–1.59)

 0 mg/day

Ref.

Ref.

 0-5 mg/day

1.62 (1.31–2.00)

1.18 (0.95–1.46)

 ≥ 5 mg/day

2.63 (2.17–3.18)

1.55 (1.27–1.90)

 Methotrexate

2.55 (1.91–3.39)

2.19 (1.61–2.99)

 Sulfasalazine

1.68 (1.03–2.75)

0.84 (0.50–1.42)

 Hydroxychloroquine

2.04 (1.78–2.35)

0.98 (0.80–1.19)

 Immunosuppressants^d

2.14 (1.87–2.45)

1.45 (1.22–1.74)