Fig. 6
Inhibition of exosome formation alleviated calcification of condylar chondrocytes induced by FFSS. A Inhibition of exosome formation with GW4869 decreased the number of calcified nodules after FFSS stimulation in cultured condylar chondrocytes (n = 6). B GW4869 decreased exosome formation by condylar chondrocytes stimulated with FFSS (n = 6). C Inhibition of exosome formation did not affect the changes in protein levels in exosomes induced by FFSS (n = 6). Scale bar = 100 μm. All data are presented as means ± SD. Comparisons among groups were performed by one-way ANOVA, and it was followed by Tukey’s post hoc tests to evaluate the statistical significance in groups with the control group (0 dyn/cm2 group), respectively. *P<0.05, **P < 0.01, compared with the control group (0 dyn/cm2 group). D Supplementation with exogenous MGP or inhibition of TNAP and NPP1 effectively decreased the numbers of calcified nodules in condylar chondrocytes stimulated with FFSS (n = 6). Scale bar = 100 μm. Comparisons among groups were performed by one-way ANOVA, and it was followed by Tukey’s post hoc tests to evaluate the statistical significance in groups with the 16 dyn/cm2 group respectively. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, compared with the 16 dyn/cm2 group. E Exosomes from condylar chondrocytes stimulated with FFSS promoted the formation of calcified nodules in cultured condylar cartilage (n = 6). Scale bar = 100 μm. Comparisons among groups were performed by one-way ANOVA, and it was followed by Tukey’s post hoc tests to evaluate the statistical significance in groups with the control group (0 dyn/cm2 group), respectively. The data of compared groups were from the populations of Gaussian distribution and consistent with homogeneity of variance. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, compared with the control group (0 dyn/cm2 group)