Ā | Tramadol N=19026 | Naproxen N=25793 | Standard difference | Tramadol N=19648 | Diclofenac N=43588 | Standard difference | Tramadol N=25830 | Cox-2 N=21786 | Standard difference | Tramadol N=7010 | Codeine N=28229 | Standard difference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, mean (SD) | 70.0 (10.8) | 66.5 (10.1) | 0.343 | 68.2 (10.5) | 68.0 (10.4) | 0.023 | 69.2 (11.2) | 67.6 (10.7) | 0.148 | 69.0 (10.5) | 68.4 (10.5) | 0.053 |
OA duration, mean (SD) | 7.2 (6.0) | 6.5 (5.5) | 0.109 | 6.8 (5.8) | 6.5 (5.3) | 0.044 | 7.1 (6.0) | 6.1 (5.7) | 0.175 | 6.6 (5.9) | 5.9 (5.3) | 0.114 |
Male (%) | 36.7 | 41.3 | 0.095 | 39.2 | 37.6 | 0.034 | 39.6 | 39.1 | 0.012 | 27.1 | 39.9 | 0.273 |
Comorbidity (%) | ||||||||||||
āMyocardial infarction | 10.1 | 6.5 | 0.131 | 9.5 | 7.3 | 0.078 | 11.0 | 6.3 | 0.166 | 7.1 | 6.5 | 0.025 |
āIschemic heart disease | 19.4 | 16.3 | 0.081 | 18.0 | 17.8 | 0.003 | 19.9 | 16.0 | 0.1 | 15.0 | 14.6 | 0.012 |
āHeart failure | 5.8 | 3.0 | 0.139 | 4.8 | 3.7 | 0.054 | 5.8 | 2.9 | 0.143 | 3.9 | 3.2 | 0.042 |
āCongestive heart failure | 14.0 | 8.3 | 0.181 | 12.4 | 9.9 | 0.081 | 14.5 | 8.6 | 0.183 | 10.7 | 8.9 | 0.058 |
āPeripheral vascular disease | 2.5 | 1.3 | 0.083 | 2.3 | 1.6 | 0.047 | 2.6 | 1.4 | 0.085 | 1.6 | 1.2 | 0.033 |
āCerebrovascular disease | 15.3 | 9.4 | 0.178 | 13.7 | 11.4 | 0.071 | 15.5 | 10.3 | 0.157 | 12.7 | 10.4 | 0.072 |
āDementia | 4.6 | 3.0 | 0.085 | 3.9 | 3.0 | 0.052 | 4.8 | 3.1 | 0.084 | 3.4 | 4.0 | 0.029 |
āChronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 49.7 | 45.2 | 0.09 | 50.4 | 47.2 | 0.065 | 52.8 | 46.3 | 0.129 | 45.0 | 36.2 | 0.181 |
āRheumatic disorder | 10.4 | 7.7 | 0.093 | 9.3 | 8.1 | 0.043 | 9.3 | 7.4 | 0.069 | 9.8 | 6.2 | 0.133 |
āChronic kidney disease | 11.4 | 5.4 | 0.218 | 10.2 | 6.2 | 0.145 | 11.5 | 5.7 | 0.207 | 8.8 | 6.0 | 0.108 |
āPeptic ulcer disease | 13.9 | 12.6 | 0.039 | 13.1 | 12.2 | 0.025 | 13.4 | 12.5 | 0.027 | 12.6 | 8.5 | 0.133 |
āLiver disease | 1.4 | 1.2 | 0.013 | 1.5 | 1.2 | 0.023 | 1.7 | 1.1 | 0.053 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 0.021 |
āDiabetes | 30.1 | 28.2 | 0.042 | 30.5 | 29.7 | 0.018 | 32.7 | 29.9 | 0.061 | 26.3 | 25.5 | 0.019 |
āObesity | 14.6 | 12.8 | 0.053 | 15.4 | 13.2 | 0.061 | 15.8 | 13.6 | 0.061 | 14.9 | 10.3 | 0.14 |
āHypertension | 74.4 | 65.5 | 0.195 | 71.6 | 68.8 | 0.062 | 73.5 | 67.5 | 0.134 | 70.2 | 65.9 | 0.092 |
āAngina | 33.4 | 26.7 | 0.148 | 31.7 | 28.9 | 0.061 | 33.7 | 27.0 | 0.145 | 29.5 | 24.5 | 0.113 |
āAtrial fibrillation | 10.3 | 4.4 | 0.228 | 8.8 | 6.0 | 0.105 | 9.8 | 4.7 | 0.2 | 7.8 | 6.0 | 0.073 |
Medication (%) | ||||||||||||
āAspirin | 5.2 | 4.1 | 0.052 | 5.2 | 4.5 | 0.029 | 6.1 | 4.6 | 0.069 | 3.5 | 5.0 | 0.072 |
āACE inhibitors | 12.4 | 13.1 | 0.022 | 11.1 | 15.4 | 0.127 | 11.6 | 13.1 | 0.044 | 10.5 | 14.5 | 0.124 |
āAngiotensin receptor blocker | 1.5 | 1.5 | 0.007 | 1.4 | 1.7 | 0.026 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 0.001 | 1.0 | 1.5 | 0.048 |
āCalcium channel blockers | 4.6 | 2.9 | 0.088 | 3.7 | 3.6 | 0.004 | 4.3 | 2.9 | 0.077 | 3.8 | 3.1 | 0.04 |
āBeta blocker | 19.3 | 13.4 | 0.159 | 18.2 | 15.7 | 0.067 | 19.3 | 13.5 | 0.156 | 16.4 | 14.9 | 0.04 |
āStatin | 23.3 | 20.7 | 0.061 | 21.6 | 23.4 | 0.044 | 22.6 | 21.7 | 0.021 | 20.1 | 20.4 | 0.008 |
āDiuretics | 25.2 | 18.6 | 0.161 | 23.4 | 21.9 | 0.036 | 24.9 | 19.6 | 0.129 | 23.4 | 20.6 | 0.066 |
āFibrates | 0.9 | 1.0 | 0.017 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 0.018 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.006 | 1.2 | 0.8 | 0.032 |
āNitrates | 5.9 | 3.9 | 0.092 | 5.4 | 4.7 | 0.032 | 6.3 | 3.5 | 0.129 | 4.7 | 3.8 | 0.047 |
āAnticoagulants | 13.5 | 3.6 | 0.358 | 11.9 | 5.6 | 0.224 | 11.8 | 8.0 | 0.127 | 11.2 | 9.4 | 0.057 |
āAntidiabetic medicine | 10.3 | 9.9 | 0.015 | 10.8 | 10.7 | 0.004 | 12.0 | 10.3 | 0.055 | 9.2 | 8.8 | 0.016 |
āOther NSAIDs | 34.2 | 27.4 | 0.147 | 31.0 | 32.1 | 0.023 | 35.7 | 39.6 | 0.082 | 38.7 | 32.9 | 0.122 |
āOther opioids | 39.6 | 30.7 | 0.188 | 40.1 | 32.4 | 0.163 | 42.1 | 34.7 | 0.154 | 12.8 | 4.8 | 0.288 |
āGlucocorticoids | 14.3 | 9.5 | 0.149 | 13.2 | 11.4 | 0.056 | 14.4 | 12.9 | 0.042 | 12.8 | 9.1 | 0.119 |
āSNRIs | 4.0 | 3.0 | 0.052 | 4.0 | 3.2 | 0.043 | 4.1 | 3.2 | 0.048 | 3.6 | 2.2 | 0.082 |
āSSRIs | 11.3 | 9.2 | 0.069 | 11.3 | 9.6 | 0.054 | 11.5 | 9.9 | 0.052 | 10.8 | 7.7 | 0.106 |
āBenzodiazepines | 20.0 | 15.8 | 0.111 | 19.3 | 17.4 | 0.047 | 20.3 | 16.5 | 0.098 | 17.8 | 12.4 | 0.151 |
āOther anti-epileptic medication | 12.5 | 6.8 | 0.193 | 11.9 | 6.9 | 0.172 | 12.7 | 8.5 | 0.138 | 11.3 | 5.0 | 0.234 |
Healthcare utilization, mean (SD) | ||||||||||||
āOutpatient visits | 23.6 (17.1) | 17.1 (13.5) | 0.425 | 22.4 (16.3) | 19.2 (14.5) | 0.207 | 23.6 (17.1) | 19.0 (14.0) | 0.297 | 21.5 (15.1) | 17.5 (13.7) | 0.277 |
āHospitalizations | 0.8 (1.0) | 0.3 (0.7) | 0.566 | 0.8 (1.0) | 0.4 (0.8) | 0.46 | 0.8 (1.0) | 0.4 (0.8) | 0.44 | 0.8 (0.9) | 0.5 (0.8) | 0.243 |