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Table 1 Baseline characteristics of unmatched osteoarthritis patients in a study comparing the association of tramadol and other analgesics with all-cause mortality, myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, venous thromboembolism, and hip fractures

From: Association of tramadol with all-cause mortality, cardiovascular diseases, venous thromboembolism, and hip fractures among patients with osteoarthritis: a population-based study

Ā 

Tramadol

N=19026

Naproxen

N=25793

Standard difference

Tramadol

N=19648

Diclofenac

N=43588

Standard difference

Tramadol

N=25830

Cox-2

N=21786

Standard difference

Tramadol

N=7010

Codeine

N=28229

Standard difference

Age, mean (SD)

70.0 (10.8)

66.5 (10.1)

0.343

68.2 (10.5)

68.0 (10.4)

0.023

69.2 (11.2)

67.6 (10.7)

0.148

69.0 (10.5)

68.4 (10.5)

0.053

OA duration, mean (SD)

7.2 (6.0)

6.5 (5.5)

0.109

6.8 (5.8)

6.5 (5.3)

0.044

7.1 (6.0)

6.1 (5.7)

0.175

6.6 (5.9)

5.9 (5.3)

0.114

Male (%)

36.7

41.3

0.095

39.2

37.6

0.034

39.6

39.1

0.012

27.1

39.9

0.273

Comorbidity (%)

ā€ƒMyocardial infarction

10.1

6.5

0.131

9.5

7.3

0.078

11.0

6.3

0.166

7.1

6.5

0.025

ā€ƒIschemic heart disease

19.4

16.3

0.081

18.0

17.8

0.003

19.9

16.0

0.1

15.0

14.6

0.012

ā€ƒHeart failure

5.8

3.0

0.139

4.8

3.7

0.054

5.8

2.9

0.143

3.9

3.2

0.042

ā€ƒCongestive heart failure

14.0

8.3

0.181

12.4

9.9

0.081

14.5

8.6

0.183

10.7

8.9

0.058

ā€ƒPeripheral vascular disease

2.5

1.3

0.083

2.3

1.6

0.047

2.6

1.4

0.085

1.6

1.2

0.033

ā€ƒCerebrovascular disease

15.3

9.4

0.178

13.7

11.4

0.071

15.5

10.3

0.157

12.7

10.4

0.072

ā€ƒDementia

4.6

3.0

0.085

3.9

3.0

0.052

4.8

3.1

0.084

3.4

4.0

0.029

ā€ƒChronic obstructive pulmonary disease

49.7

45.2

0.09

50.4

47.2

0.065

52.8

46.3

0.129

45.0

36.2

0.181

ā€ƒRheumatic disorder

10.4

7.7

0.093

9.3

8.1

0.043

9.3

7.4

0.069

9.8

6.2

0.133

ā€ƒChronic kidney disease

11.4

5.4

0.218

10.2

6.2

0.145

11.5

5.7

0.207

8.8

6.0

0.108

ā€ƒPeptic ulcer disease

13.9

12.6

0.039

13.1

12.2

0.025

13.4

12.5

0.027

12.6

8.5

0.133

ā€ƒLiver disease

1.4

1.2

0.013

1.5

1.2

0.023

1.7

1.1

0.053

1.0

0.8

0.021

ā€ƒDiabetes

30.1

28.2

0.042

30.5

29.7

0.018

32.7

29.9

0.061

26.3

25.5

0.019

ā€ƒObesity

14.6

12.8

0.053

15.4

13.2

0.061

15.8

13.6

0.061

14.9

10.3

0.14

ā€ƒHypertension

74.4

65.5

0.195

71.6

68.8

0.062

73.5

67.5

0.134

70.2

65.9

0.092

ā€ƒAngina

33.4

26.7

0.148

31.7

28.9

0.061

33.7

27.0

0.145

29.5

24.5

0.113

ā€ƒAtrial fibrillation

10.3

4.4

0.228

8.8

6.0

0.105

9.8

4.7

0.2

7.8

6.0

0.073

Medication (%)

ā€ƒAspirin

5.2

4.1

0.052

5.2

4.5

0.029

6.1

4.6

0.069

3.5

5.0

0.072

ā€ƒACE inhibitors

12.4

13.1

0.022

11.1

15.4

0.127

11.6

13.1

0.044

10.5

14.5

0.124

ā€ƒAngiotensin receptor blocker

1.5

1.5

0.007

1.4

1.7

0.026

1.6

1.6

0.001

1.0

1.5

0.048

ā€ƒCalcium channel blockers

4.6

2.9

0.088

3.7

3.6

0.004

4.3

2.9

0.077

3.8

3.1

0.04

ā€ƒBeta blocker

19.3

13.4

0.159

18.2

15.7

0.067

19.3

13.5

0.156

16.4

14.9

0.04

ā€ƒStatin

23.3

20.7

0.061

21.6

23.4

0.044

22.6

21.7

0.021

20.1

20.4

0.008

ā€ƒDiuretics

25.2

18.6

0.161

23.4

21.9

0.036

24.9

19.6

0.129

23.4

20.6

0.066

ā€ƒFibrates

0.9

1.0

0.017

0.9

1.1

0.018

0.9

0.9

0.006

1.2

0.8

0.032

ā€ƒNitrates

5.9

3.9

0.092

5.4

4.7

0.032

6.3

3.5

0.129

4.7

3.8

0.047

ā€ƒAnticoagulants

13.5

3.6

0.358

11.9

5.6

0.224

11.8

8.0

0.127

11.2

9.4

0.057

ā€ƒAntidiabetic medicine

10.3

9.9

0.015

10.8

10.7

0.004

12.0

10.3

0.055

9.2

8.8

0.016

ā€ƒOther NSAIDs

34.2

27.4

0.147

31.0

32.1

0.023

35.7

39.6

0.082

38.7

32.9

0.122

ā€ƒOther opioids

39.6

30.7

0.188

40.1

32.4

0.163

42.1

34.7

0.154

12.8

4.8

0.288

ā€ƒGlucocorticoids

14.3

9.5

0.149

13.2

11.4

0.056

14.4

12.9

0.042

12.8

9.1

0.119

ā€ƒSNRIs

4.0

3.0

0.052

4.0

3.2

0.043

4.1

3.2

0.048

3.6

2.2

0.082

ā€ƒSSRIs

11.3

9.2

0.069

11.3

9.6

0.054

11.5

9.9

0.052

10.8

7.7

0.106

ā€ƒBenzodiazepines

20.0

15.8

0.111

19.3

17.4

0.047

20.3

16.5

0.098

17.8

12.4

0.151

ā€ƒOther anti-epileptic medication

12.5

6.8

0.193

11.9

6.9

0.172

12.7

8.5

0.138

11.3

5.0

0.234

Healthcare utilization, mean (SD)

ā€ƒOutpatient visits

23.6 (17.1)

17.1 (13.5)

0.425

22.4 (16.3)

19.2 (14.5)

0.207

23.6 (17.1)

19.0 (14.0)

0.297

21.5 (15.1)

17.5 (13.7)

0.277

ā€ƒHospitalizations

0.8 (1.0)

0.3 (0.7)

0.566

0.8 (1.0)

0.4 (0.8)

0.46

0.8 (1.0)

0.4 (0.8)

0.44

0.8 (0.9)

0.5 (0.8)

0.243

  1. Abbreviations: OA osteoarthritis, ACE angiotensin-converting enzyme, SNRIs serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, SSRIs selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors