Table 2 Baseline characteristics of propensity score-matched osteoarthritis patients in a study comparing the association of tramadol and other analgesics with all-cause mortality, myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, venous thromboembolism, and hip fractures
Tramadol N=12269 | Naproxen N=12269 | Standard difference | Tramadol N=15749 | Diclofenac N=15749 | Standard difference | Tramadol N=15410 | Cox-2 N=15410 | Standard difference | Tramadol N=6751 | Codeine N=6751 | Standard difference | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, mean (SD) | 68.5 (10.7) | 69.0 (10.3) | 0.049 | 68.1 (10.6) | 68.2 (10.5) | 0.006 | 68.1 (11.1) | 68.1 (10.8) | 0.005 | 68.9 (10.4) | 69.2 (10.5) | 0.025 |
OA duration, mean (SD) | 7.0 (5.8) | 7.0 (5.8) | 0.004 | 6.9 (5.8) | 6.9 (5.6) | 0.001 | 6.6 (5.7) | 6.6 (6.0) | 0.009 | 6.5 (5.9) | 6.5 (5.7) | 0.005 |
Male (%) | 38.4 | 36.5 | 0.04 | 38.2 | 38.2 | 0.001 | 39.1 | 38.7 | 0.009 | 28.1 | 28.1 | 0.001 |
Comorbidity (%) | ||||||||||||
Myocardial infarction | 8.2 | 8.1 | 0.005 | 8.7 | 8.7 | <0.001 | 7.8 | 7.5 | 0.012 | 6.8 | 7.3 | 0.017 |
Ischemic heart disease | 18.2 | 17.8 | 0.012 | 17.8 | 17.7 | 0.004 | 17.5 | 16.8 | 0.018 | 14.7 | 15.1 | 0.013 |
Heart failure | 4.3 | 4.0 | 0.017 | 4.3 | 4.3 | <0.001 | 3.8 | 3.5 | 0.018 | 3.6 | 4.0 | 0.019 |
Congestive heart failure | 11.2 | 10.9 | 0.01 | 11.8 | 11.5 | 0.01 | 10.3 | 10.0 | 0.009 | 10.3 | 10.5 | 0.007 |
Peripheral vascular disease | 1.9 | 1.8 | 0.01 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 0.005 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 0.005 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 0.006 |
Cerebrovascular disease | 12.3 | 12.9 | 0.017 | 13.0 | 13.2 | 0.007 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 0.002 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 0.002 |
Dementia | 4.2 | 4.0 | 0.008 | 3.8 | 3.9 | 0.007 | 3.8 | 3.7 | 0.004 | 3.5 | 3.9 | 0.024 |
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 48.2 | 48.7 | 0.011 | 50.4 | 50.8 | 0.006 | 49.2 | 50 | 0.015 | 44 | 43.9 | 0.003 |
Rheumatic disorder | 9.3 | 9.7 | 0.016 | 9.1 | 9.3 | 0.006 | 8.4 | 8.2 | 0.006 | 9.2 | 9.2 | <0.001 |
Chronic kidney disease | 8.5 | 8.3 | 0.004 | 9.2 | 9.2 | 0.002 | 7.5 | 7.2 | 0.013 | 8.5 | 8.8 | 0.009 |
Peptic ulcer disease | 13.6 | 13.4 | 0.005 | 13.0 | 13.1 | 0.003 | 13.0 | 12.7 | 0.007 | 11.9 | 11.8 | 0.004 |
Liver disease | 1.3 | 1.3 | 0.002 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 0.007 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 0.001 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 0.014 |
Diabetes | 29.7 | 28.8 | 0.02 | 31.0 | 30.7 | 0.005 | 31.1 | 30.7 | 0.008 | 26 | 26.2 | 0.006 |
Obesity | 13.8 | 13.9 | 0.004 | 15.0 | 15.4 | 0.011 | 14.4 | 14.9 | 0.014 | 14.1 | 13.8 | 0.008 |
Hypertension | 71 | 72.5 | 0.033 | 71.6 | 72 | 0.009 | 70.0 | 70.3 | 0.007 | 69.8 | 69.7 | <0.001 |
Angina | 30.5 | 31.5 | 0.022 | 31.6 | 31.7 | 0.002 | 29.8 | 29.6 | 0.003 | 28.4 | 29.3 | 0.02 |
Atrial fibrillation | 6.8 | 6.3 | 0.019 | 7.7 | 7.7 | 0.001 | 6.1 | 5.8 | 0.014 | 7.6 | 7.5 | 0.002 |
Medication (%) | ||||||||||||
Aspirin | 5.0 | 4.8 | 0.01 | 5.3 | 5.4 | 0.005 | 5.2 | 4.9 | 0.009 | 3.5 | 3.8 | 0.013 |
ACE inhibitors | 12.7 | 12.9 | 0.006 | 11.5 | 12 | 0.015 | 12.6 | 12.4 | 0.007 | 10.3 | 10.2 | 0.004 |
Angiotensin receptor blocker | 1.4 | 1.4 | 0.002 | 1.4 | 1.5 | 0.003 | 1.6 | 1.5 | 0.001 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 0.007 |
Calcium channel blockers | 3.7 | 3.8 | 0.008 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 0.001 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 0.001 | 3.6 | 3.8 | 0.013 |
Beta blocker | 16.4 | 16.5 | 0.002 | 17.3 | 17.5 | 0.005 | 15.4 | 15.3 | 0.002 | 15.9 | 16.4 | 0.014 |
Statin | 22.5 | 23.0 | 0.014 | 22.9 | 23.3 | 0.009 | 22.3 | 22.2 | 0.001 | 19.8 | 20.1 | 0.007 |
Diuretics | 22.0 | 22.7 | 0.018 | 23.4 | 23.7 | 0.007 | 21.0 | 21.3 | 0.006 | 22.5 | 22.7 | 0.004 |
Fibrates | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.002 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 0.009 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.001 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 0.003 |
Nitrates | 5.0 | 4.7 | 0.012 | 5.3 | 5.1 | 0.005 | 4.3 | 4.1 | 0.01 | 4.5 | 4.8 | 0.014 |
Anticoagulants | 7.1 | 6.2 | 0.038 | 9.7 | 9 | 0.026 | 9.1 | 9.3 | 0.005 | 10.9 | 10.9 | 0.001 |
Antidiabetic medicine | 10.4 | 10.2 | 0.007 | 11.2 | 11.3 | 0.004 | 11.1 | 10.8 | 0.009 | 9.0 | 9.1 | 0.002 |
Other NSAIDs | 32.3 | 33.8 | 0.033 | 31.9 | 32.6 | 0.014 | 39.8 | 38.4 | 0.028 | 38 | 37.9 | 0.002 |
Other opioids | 36.8 | 37.9 | 0.023 | 39.7 | 40.5 | 0.018 | 38.7 | 39.2 | 0.012 | 10.9 | 10.7 | 0.008 |
Glucocorticoids | 12.7 | 12.8 | 0.005 | 13.2 | 13.6 | 0.009 | 13.8 | 13.8 | 0.002 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 0.001 |
SNRIs | 3.6 | 3.7 | 0.005 | 4.0 | 4.1 | 0.001 | 3.6 | 3.5 | 0.005 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 0.004 |
SSRIs | 10.7 | 11.0 | 0.01 | 11.4 | 11.6 | 0.006 | 10.7 | 10.6 | 0.004 | 10.1 | 9.9 | 0.006 |
Benzodiazepines | 18.9 | 19.0 | 0.001 | 19.6 | 20.2 | 0.016 | 18.3 | 18.7 | 0.01 | 16.7 | 17.3 | 0.016 |
Other anti-epileptic medication | 10.6 | 10.6 | 0.001 | 11.6 | 11.8 | 0.005 | 10.8 | 10.6 | 0.006 | 10.0 | 9.7 | 0.008 |
Healthcare utilization, mean (SD) | ||||||||||||
Outpatient visits | 20.4 (14.4) | 20.1 (15.1) | 0.021 | 21.5 (15.5) | 21.5 (16.2) | 0.001 | 20.8 (14.9) | 20.3 (14.9) | 0.033 | 20.7 (14.1) | 21.0 (16.5) | 0.019 |
Hospitalizations | 0.5 (0.8) | 0.5 (0.9) | 0.052 | 0.6 (0.9) | 0.6 (1.0) | 0.021 | 0.5 (0.8) | 0.5 (0.8) | 0.028 | 0.7 (0.8) | 0.7 (1.0) | 0.011 |