Table 1 Characteristics of the publications included in the meta-analysis by source and type of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)

Araujo 2014 [20]

RA

11

37

Fish oil

Not mentioned

24

Abstract

TJ, SJ, activity, DAS28, CRP, ESR

Berbert 2005 [21]

RA

30

43

Fish oil

3

Soy oil

24

2

MS, pain, activity, CRP, ESR

Brzeski 1991 [22]

RA

19

40

Vegetable oil

0.5

0.5

Olive oil capsules

24

3

TJ, MS, pain

Cleland 1988 [23]

RA

23

23

Fish oil

5.2

Olive oil capsules

12

4

TJ, SJ, MS, pain

Das Gupta 2009 [24]

RA

50

100

Fish oil

3

No special diet or intervention

12

1

TJ, SJ, pain, DAS28, CRP, ESR

Dawczynski 2009 [25]

RA

14

26

Fish oil

0.7

0.4

0.1

1.1

2.3

Dairy with comparable fat content

24

3

TJ, SJ, DAS28, CRP, ESR

Dawczynski 2011 [26]

PsA+RA

14

47

Fish oil

3.0

Olive oil capsules

12

4

DAS28

Dawczynski 2018 [27]

RA

25

25

Fish oil

2.1

2.1

Sunflower oil capsules

10

3

TJ, SJ, DAS28, CRP, ESR

Galarraga 2008 [28]

RA

49

97

Fish oil

1.5

0.7

2.2

Air-filled capsules

36

4

Pain, DAS28, CRP, HAQ

Geusens 1994 [29]

RA

21

60

Fish oil

1.3

Olive oil capsules

48

3

TJ, pain, activity

19

2.6

Khaleghi 2005 [30]

RA

10

39

Fish oil

10

Corn oil

8

Abstract

TJ, SJ

Kolahi 2010 [31]

RA

40

83

Fish oil

0.2

0.1

0.3

Capsules without n-3 PUFAs

24

3

DAS28, CRP

Kremer 1990 [32]

RA

20

49

Fish oil

1.9

1.3

3.2

Olive oil capsules

24

2

TJ, SJ, MS, pain, activity

17

3.8

2.5

6.3

Kremer 1995 [33]

RA

23

49

Fish oil

9.1

Corn oil capsules

30

2

TJ, SJ, MS, pain, activity

Kremer 1985 [34]

RA

23

44

Fish oil

1.7

1.1

2.8

Diet low in PUFA/SFA plus paraffin capsules

12

4

TJ, SJ, MS

Kristensen 2018 [35]

PsA

72

143

Fish oil

1.5

1.5

3.0

Olive oil capsules

24

5

TJ, SJ, pain, DAS28, HAQ

Leventhal 1993 [36]

RA

19

37

Vegetable oil

1.4

1.4

Cottonseed oil capsules

24

2

TJ, SJ, MS, pain, activity, ESR

Madland 2006 [37]

PsA

20

40

Fish oil

2.4

2.6

1.1

6.1

Soil oil capsules

0.5

2

TJ, SJ, pain, activity, ESR, HAQ

Magaro 1992 [38]

RA

10

20

Fish oil

1.5

1.0

2.5

No special diet or intervention

6

1

MS, pain, ESR

Nielsen 1992 [39]

RA

29

57

Fish oil

2.0

1.2

3.2

Capsules with fat composition as the average Danish diet

12

4

TJ, SJ, CRP, ESR

Nordström 1995 [40]

RA

11

22

Vegetable oil

9.6

9.6

Safflower oil

24

2

TJ, pain, activity, CRP, ESR

Park 2013 [41]

RA

41

81

Fish oil

2.1

1.2

3.3

Sunflower oil with oleic acid capsules

16

2

Pain, activity, CRP, HAQ

Skoldstam 1992 [42]

RA

22

46

Fish oil

1.7

1.1

2.8

Maize/olive/peppermint oil capsules

24

4

Pain, activity, CRP, ESR

Sundrarjun 2004 [43]

RA

23

60

Fish oil

3.4

Diet low in PUFA plus placebo capsules

24

3

TJ, SJ, pain, activity, CRP, ESR, HAQ

Sundström 2006 [44]

AS

9

18

Fish oil

1.9

Low dose vs high dose

21

1

ESR

Tulleken 1990 [45]

RA

12

24

Fish oil

2.0

1.3

3.3

Coconut oil capsules

24

4

TJ, SJ, pain, CRP, ESR

Veale 1994 [46]

PsA

19

38

Mix oil

0.2

0.1

0.3

0.5

0.5

Liquid paraffin and vitamin E capsules

36

2

TJ

Veselinovic 2017 [47]

RA

20

60

Fish oil

1.0

1.5

2.5

No special diet or intervention

12

2

TJ, SJ, pain, DAS28, CRP, ESR

Volker 2000 [48]

RA

13

26

Fish oil

1.7

Diet low in u-6 PUFAs plus corn and olive oil

15

3

TJ, SJ, pain, activity, CRP, ESR, HAQ

Zurier 1996 [49]

RA

28

56

Vegetable oil

2.8

2.8

Sunflower seed oil

24

4

TJ, SJ, MS, pain, activity, HAQ