Fig. 2
From: Small molecules of herbal origin for osteoarthritis treatment: in vitro and in vivo evidence
Potential therapeutic targets of small molecules with herbal origin in signaling pathways associated with cartilage degeneration. Name of the compounds: (1) polyphenol-rich pomegranate fruit extract, (2) Egb761, (3) polyoxypregnane glycoside, (4) anemonin, (5) hinokitiol, (6) tetrandrine, (7) oxymatrine, (8) polygalacic acid, (9) zingerone, and (10) icariin. As shown above, some of the compounds have multiple signaling targets. (The figure was prepared with Biorender). TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; TNFR1, tumor necrosis factor receptor 1; TRADD, TNF receptor death domain; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; IL-1β, interleukin-1β; IL-1R, interleukin-1 receptor; IL-1RAcP, interleukin-1 receptor accessory protein; TOLLIP, Toll-interacting protein; NIK, NF-κB inducible kinase; IKKα, IκB kinase α; IKKβ, IκB kinase β; IκB, NF-κB inhibitor; NF-κB, nuclear factor κB; MMPs, matrix metalloproteinases; ADAMTS, a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs; IL-6, interleukin-6; IL-8, interleukin-8; COX-2, cyclooxygenase-2; ROS, reactive oxygen species; TIMPs, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases; Col2a1, collagen 2a1