Table 1 The percentage changes and EAPCs of incidence and prevalence of RHD from 1990 to 2019 globally and in sexes, SDI areas, and geographic regions

Overall

2789.44 (2153.32 to 3454.26)

37.40 (28.6 to 46.74)

49.70

0.58 (0.52 to 0.63)

40,502.34 (32,052.9 to 50,062.43)

513.68 (405.01 to 636.25)

70.49

0.57 (0.50 to 0.63)

Sex

 Male

1298.67 (995.19 to 1617.20)

34.33 (26.25 to 42.88)

50.55

0.63 (0.57 to 0.68)

17,983.11 (14,198.98 to 22,406.04)

455.24 (359.15 to 566.15)

68.75

0.59 (0.53 to 0.65)

 Female

1490.77 (1159.32 to 1837.88)

40.57 (31.13 to 50.40)

48.97

0.55 (0.49 to 0.6)

22,519.24 (17,895.09 to 27,713.12)

572.23 (450.66 to 705.53)

71.90

0.55 (0.49 to 0.62)

SDI

 Low

819.41 (605.20 to 1053.34)

58.86 (44.38 to 74.15)

122.30

0.30 (0.24 to 0.36)

9714.93 (7435.71 to 12,350.76)

886.93 (688.00 to 1106.54)

142.87

0.30 (0.28 to 0.32)

 Low-middle

890.24 (670.72 to 1117.22)

46.11 (35.08 to 57.70)

54.03

0.26 (0.22 to 0.30)

12,551.12 (9661.51 to 15,788.80)

687.61 (534.82 to 860.28)

82.78

0.28 (0.25 to 0.31)

 Middle

662.47 (509.10 to 826.73)

29.43 (22.42 to 36.89)

7.63

0.17 (0.06 to 0.28)

12,571.43 (9894.03 to 15,706.57)

498.41 (392.05 to 624.2)

44.98

0.11 (0.03 to 0.19)

 High-middle

224.99 (190.42 to 265.50)

17.03 (13.68 to 20.67)

− 2.12

− 0.40 (− 0.50 to − 0.30)

4340.13 (3662.38 to 5170.28)

271.54 (224.52 to 329.00)

29.03

0 (− 0.12 to 0.12)

 High

101.50 (92.16 to 111.96)

5.86 (5.33 to 6.40)

44.51

− 0.58 (− 0.74 to − 0.41)

1298.83 (1172.66 to 1430.67)

74.97 (68.09 to 82.12)

54.57

− 0.27 (− 0.41 to − 0.13)

Regions

 East Asia

277.45 (224.10 to 339.06)

23.85 (18.60 to 29.77)

− 26.49

− 0.49 (− 0.66 to − 0.32)

6155.94 (5006.25 to 7555.64)

387.68 (308.67 to 477.94)

8.51

− 0.22 (− 0.39 to − 0.05)

 South Asia

858.39 (633.74 to 1087.91)

18.52 (14.64 to 22.89)

61.33

0.20 (0.15 to 0.24)

12,168.75 (9299.44 to 15,368.47)

284.89 (230.85 to 349.16)

89.87

0.26 (0.22 to 0.31)

 Southeast Asia

123.84 (98.21 to 151.61)

40.72 (31.80 to 51.77)

30.58

0.03 (− 0.01 to 0.07)

1995.18 (1608.08 to 2455.92)

587.08 (468.25 to 748.25)

64.83

0.15 (0.11 to 0.19)

 Central Asia

36.56 (28.02 to 45.60)

38.30 (29.32 to 47.78)

25.32

599.38 (468.44 to 742.53)

623.66 (490.35 to 770.96)

52.28

0.19 (0.17 to 0.21)

 High-income Asia Pacific

9.73 (8.26 to 11.26)

6.45 (5.78 to 7.17)

24.21

− 2.00 (− 2.11 to − 1.90)

128.66 (109.07 to 148.55)

93.46 (82.24 to 105.61)

30.03

− 1.58 (− 1.69 to − 1.47)

 Oceania

6.30 (4.84 to 8.05)

8.02 (7.03 to 9.07)

111.34

0.34 (0.27 to 0.40)

79.24 (62.04 to 101.49)

135.51 (118.27 to 154.99)

125.21

0.34 (0.27 to 0.41)

 Australasia

1.65 (1.45 to 1.88)

2.46 (2.12 to 2.81)

44.19

− 1.21 (− 1.38 to − 1.04)

21.39 (18.22 to 24.87)

34.16 (29.55 to 38.97)

54.60

− 0.76 (− 0.91 to − 0.60)

 Eastern Europe

23.02 (19.76 to 26.24)

3.80 (3.37 to 4.31)

− 38.01

− 2.15 (− 2.26 to − 2.04)

435.22 (376.40 to 502.43)

50.71 (42.99 to 58.59)

− 26.82

− 1.62 (− 1.82 to − 1.42)

 Western Europe

33.62 (30.17 to 37.43)

3.90 (3.48 to 4.34)

9.84

− 1.45 (− 1.51 to − 1.38)

339.48 (288.52 to 394.43)

39.72 (33.93 to 45.61)

9.96

− 1.27 (− 1.33 to − 1.20)

 Central Europe

10.38 (9.18 to 11.62)

27.86 (21.4 to 34.78)

− 39.78

− 2.14 (− 2.28 to − 2.00)

171.07 (149.02 to 195.26)

488.01 (385.13 to 603.26)

− 18.36

− 1.29 (− 1.39 to − 1.18)

 High-income North America

57.23 (51.68 to 63.34)

9.35 (8.50 to 10.31)

69.71

0.13 (− 0.13 to 0.40)

723.74 (660.55 to 787.48)

117.54 (107.71 to 127.03)

68.43

0.02 (− 0.16 to 0.21)

 Andean Latin America

31.56 (23.71 to 39.73)

49.12 (37.16 to 62.06)

42.21

0 (− 0.01 to 0.01)

527.24 (407.02 to 656.08)

786.82 (612.48 to 977.11)

80.88

0.09 (0.07 to 0.11)

 Central Latin America

56.91 (43.98 to 70.34)

47.96 (36.13 to 60.44)

30.51

− 0.08 (− 0.15 to − 0.01)

914.29 (720.26 to 1122.68)

812.15 (628.58 to 1011.81)

64.75

− 0.07 (− 0.13 to − 0.01)

 Caribbean

22.11 (16.77 to 27.66)

22.63 (17.40 to 28.00)

22.09

0.24 (0.23 to 0.25)

379.16 (295.53 to 469.69)

353.88 (279.49 to 434.27)

43.02

0.18 (0.18 to 0.18)

 Tropical Latin America

111.88 (84.85 to 139.76)

54.01 (40.56 to 68.35)

14.45

0.01 (0 to 0.02)

2165.35 (1688.93 to 2683.95)

917.15 (714.71 to 1141.65)

56.25

0.08 (0.07 to 0.09)

 Southern Latin America

17.07 (13.22 to 21.21)

25.61 (19.71 to 31.91)

22.57

0.09 (0.07 to 0.12)

336.60 (267.35 to 414.13)

388.89 (304.75 to 483.49)

45.94

0.15 (0.12 to 0.18)

 Eastern Sub-Saharan Africa

426.53 (315.69 to 555.54)

42.98 (32.15 to 54.22)

137.16

0.25 (0.23 to 0.26)

4767.28 (3635.37 to 6158.95)

645.12 (498.23 to 811.68)

150.84

0.27 (0.25 to 0.28)

 Southern Sub-Saharan Africa

62.17 (46.40 to 78.75)

81.68 (60.58 to 104.25)

34.04

0.03 (0.01 to 0.04)

898.70 (689.77 to 1145.95)

1195.56 (918.19 to 1511.29)

59.36

0.04 (0.03 to 0.06)

 Western Sub-Saharan Africa

320.73 (235.87 to 419.48)

80.98 (60.90 to 103.24)

156.05

0.17 (0.15 to 0.19)

3674.37 (2770.19 to 4722.20)

1174.40 (904.04 to 1475.04)

162.05

0.22 (0.19 to 0.24)

 North Africa and Middle East

165.23 (127.31 to 205.82)

72.77 (54.23 to 92.50)

71.49

0.25 (0.20 to 0.31)

2474.18 (1922.46 to 3094.27)

1090.22 (844.68 to 1377.19)

110.92

0.22 (0.17 to 0.27)

 Central Sub-Saharan Africa

137.07 (99.45 to 180.49)

56.21 (42.41 to 71.26)

146.19

0.02 (− 0.02 to 0.05)

1547.13 (1157.71 to 1995.34)

839.55 (651.29 to 1057.38)

152.73

− 0.03 (− 0.04 to − 0.01)