Effect of tumor necrosis factor inhibitors on risk of cardiovascular disease in patients with axial spondyloarthritis

Table 3 Estimation of hazard ratios for cardiovascular disease according to exposure to TNFis

	HR (95% CI)	P value
Univariable analysis
TNFi not exposed	1.00 (reference)
TNFi exposed	0.35 (0.13–0.93)	0.034
Multivariable model 1 adjusted for traditional cardiovascular risk factors^a
TNFi not exposed	1.00 (reference)
TNFi exposed	0.30 (0.10–0.85)	0.024
Multivariable model 2 adjusted for traditional cardiovascular risk factors^a and time-averaged ESR and CRP
TNFi not exposed	1.00 (reference)
TNFi exposed	0.37 (0.12–1.12)	0.077
Multivariable model 3 adjusted for traditional cardiovascular risk factors^a and baseline ESR and CRP
TNFi not exposed	1.00 (reference)
TNFi exposed	0.42 (0.14–1.21)	0.107
Multivariable model 4 adjusted for use of NSAIDs and csDMARDs
TNFi not exposed	1.00 (reference)
TNFi exposed	0.36 (0.13–0.98)	0.045
Multivariable model 5 adjusted for use of aspirin, ACEi or ARB, SGLT2 inhibitor, and statin
TNFi not exposed	1.00 (reference)
TNFi exposed	0.29 (0.11–0.81)	0.017

TNFi tumor necrosis factor inhibitor, HR hazard ratio, CI confidence interval, ESR erythrocyte sedimentation rate, CRP C-reactive protein, NSAIDs non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, csDMARDs conventional synthetic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs, ACEi angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, ARB angiotensin II receptor blocker, SGLT2 sodium-glucose cotransporter-2
^aTraditional cardiovascular risk factors: age, sex, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, smoking, and body mass index

ISSN: 1478-6362