Table 1 SLE clinical manifestations according to the presence of cryoglobulinemia
From: Cryoglobulinemia in systemic lupus erythematosus: a retrospective study of 213 patients
SLE CG+ (n = 142) | SLE CG− (n = 71) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|
Female sex, n (%) | 124 (87%) | 56 (79%) | 0.11 |
SLE diagnosis | |||
Age at SLE diagnosis, (years), mean (± SD) | 29.1 ± 12.3 | 28.1 ± 13.7 | 0.15 |
SLEDAI score at SLE diagnosis, mean (± SD) | 14.2 ± 7.5 | 12.5 ± 7.5 | 0.051 |
SLE clinical manifestations | |||
Acute cutaneous lupus, n (%) | 69 (49%) | 34 (48%) | 0.92 |
Subacute cutaneous lupus, n (%) | 41 (29%) | 13 (18%) | 0.10 |
Chronic cutaneous lupus, n (%) | 26 (18%) | 11 (15%) | 0.61 |
Oral ulcers, n (%) | 29 (20%) | 13 (18%) | 0.72 |
Alopecia, n (%) | 36 (25%) | 15 (21%) | 0.50 |
Cutaneous vasculitis unrelated to CG, n (%) | 1 (1%) | 8 (11%) | 0.0008 |
Raynaud’s phenomenon, n (%) | 70 (49%) | 27 (38%) | 0.12 |
Arthritis and/or arthralgia, n (%) | 132 (93%) | 65 (92%) | 0.71 |
Pericarditis, n (%) | 34 (24%) | 16 (23%) | 0.82 |
Myocarditis, n (%) | 7 (5%) | 3 (4%) | 1.00 |
Pleuritis, n (%) | 19 (13%) | 11 (15%) | 0.68 |
Cardiac valvulopathy, n (%) | 9 (6%) | 2 (3%) | 0.85 |
Intra-alveolar hemorrhage, n (%) | 2 (1%) | 3 (4%) | 0.62 |
Pulmonary hypertension, n (%) | 2 (1%) | 3 (4%) | 0.84 |
Nephritis, n (%) | 64 (45%) | 27 (38%) | 0.33 |
Peripheral nervous system, n (%) | 4 (3%) | 3 (4%) | 1.00 |
Central nervous system, n (%) | 17 (12%) | 11 (15%) | 0.47 |
Psychosis, n (%) | 27 (19%) | 13 (18%) | 0.91 |
Associated autoimmune disease | |||
Antiphospholipid syndrome, n (%) | 37 (26%) | 11 (15%) | 0.08 |
Sjogren’s syndrome, n (%) | 28 (20%) | 11 (15%) | 0.45 |
Other connective tissue disease, n (%) | 14 (10%) | 2 (3%) | 0.07 |