Table 2 Inflammatory cytokines that regulate LDH
From: Characteristics and mechanisms of resorption in lumbar disc herniation
Inflammatory cytokines | Sample | Results | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, IL-4, IL-10 | Patient serum | Sciatica is accompanied by an imbalance in the expression levels of inflammatory cytokines. | Wang et al. 2016 [78] |
TNF-α, IL-4 | Patient serum | The degree of pain is negatively correlated with the level of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-4. | Zu et al. 2016 [79] |
IL-6, IL-8 | Patient serum | IL-6 and IL-8 levels are elevated. | Pedersen et al. 2015 [80] |
IL-6, COX-2, MMP-1, MMP-3 | Human IVD | IL-1β upregulates the expression levels of IL-6, COX-2, MMP-1, and MMP-3. | Jimbo et al. 2005 [81] |
TGF-β1, IGF-1, IL-6, IL-6R | Human IVD | The herniated IVD produces factors such as TGF-β1, IGF-1, IL-6, IL-6R, and fibronectin. | Specchia et al. 2002 [82] |
IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α | Human IVD | The herniated IVD produces inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1α, which in turn increase PGE2 production. | Takahashi et al. 1996 [83] |
TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, PGE2 | Co-culture system of IVD and macrophages | TNF-α induces the production of IL-6 and PGE2, not IL-8. | Takada et al. 2012 [77] |
IL-6 | Co-culture system of IVD and macrophages | The infiltration of macrophages into the herniated disc may be a trigger for IL-6 production and related neurological symptoms. | Takada et al. 2004 [84] |