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Table 1 Study participant characteristics

From: Interferon and interferon-induced cytokines as markers of impending clinical progression in ANA+ individuals without a systemic autoimmune rheumatic disease diagnosis

    

SARD

Followed ≥ 2 years

ANAHC

ANA+NS

UCTD

SARD (total)

SSc

SS

SLE

Non-progressors

Clinical progressors

N=50

N=96

N=64

N=70

N=22

N=30

N=16

N= 42

N=13

Sex: female n(%)

35 (70)

91 (94.8)

59 (92.2)

65 (92.9)

20 (90.9)

27 (90)

16 (100)

40 (95.2)

11 (84.6)

Age: mean ± SD

31.5 ± 11.5

43.2 ± 13.8

44.0 ± 15.0

49.4 ± 14.6a

54.8 ± 13.5a,b

51.7 ± 12.7a

38.4 ± 14.9

43.0 ± 14.8

46.8 ± 11.4

Ethnicity:n(%)

 Caucasian

21 (42)

58 (60.4)

47 (73.4)

49 (70)

16 (72.7)

23 (76.7)

9 (56.3)

29 (69.0)

7 (53.8)

 Afro-Caribbean

1 (2)

13 (13.5)

4 (6.3)

1 (1.4)a

0 (0)

0 (0)a

1 (6.3)

3 (7.1)

0 (0)

 East Asian

2 (4)

8 (8.3)

5 (7.8)

5 (7.1)

1 (4.5)

3 (10)

1 (6.3)

1 (2.4)

1 (7.7)

 South Asian

14 (28)

13 (13.5)

6 (9.4)

8 (11.4)

2 (9.1)

3 (10)

2 (12.5)

5 (11.9)

5 (38.5)c

 Hispanic

9 (18)

2 (2.1)

2 (3.1)

5 (7.1)

3 (13.6)a

1 (3.3)

1 (6.3)

2 (4.8)

0 (0)

 Other

0 (0)

2 (2.1)

0 (0)

1 (1.4)

0 (0)

0 (0)

1 (6.3)

2 (4.8)

0 (0)

 No data

3 (6)

0 (0)

0 (0)

1 (1.4)

0 (0)

0 (0)

1 (6.3)

0 (0)

0 (0)

Anti-Ro Ab+motherd:n(%)

0 (0)

8 (8.3)

2 (3.1)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

2 (4.8)

1 (7.7)

ANA IF titer: median

0

1/640

1/640

>1/640

>1/640

1/640

1/640

1/640

1/640

Number of specific Abs: mean ± SD

0

0.76 ± 1.12

1.06 ± 1.14a

1.88 ± 1.35a,b

1.14 ± 0.85

2.00 ± 0.64a,b

2.56 ± 2.19a,b

0.74 ± 0.83

1.54 ± 1.51c

Specific Abs:n(%)

 dsDNA

0 (0)

8 (8.3)

3 (4.7)

9 (12.9)

2 (9.1)

3 (10)

4 (25)b

4 (9.5)

0 (0)

 Ro

0 (0)

28 (29.2)

20 (31.3)

41 (58.6)a,b

3 (13.6)

30 (100)a,b

8 (50)

13 (31.0)

7 (53.8)

 La

0 (0)

12 (12.5)

4 (6.3)

22 (31.4)a,b

0 (0)

21 (70)a,b

1 (6.3)

4 (9.5)

4 (30.8)

 Sm

0 (0)

3 (3.1)

3 (4.7)

6 (8.6)

0 (0)

0 (0)

5 (31.3)a,b

0 (0)

2 (15.4)

 SmRNP

0 (0)

4 (4.2)

8 (12.5)

9 (12.9)

1 (4.5)

0 (0)

7 (43.8)a,b

2 (4.8)

2 (15.4)

 RNP

0 (0)

9 (9.4)

12 (18.8)

11 (15.7)

1 (4.5)

2 (6.7)

7 (43.8)a,b

2 (4.8)

3 (23.1)

 Scl70

0 (0)

1 (1)

2 (3.1)

9 (12.9)a

5 (22.7)a,b

2 (6.7)

2 (12.5)

2 (4.8)

0 (0)

 Jo-1

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

 Centromere

0 (0)

1 (1)

7 (10.9)a

16 (22.9)a

13 (59.1)a,b

1 (3.3)

1 (6.3)

1 (2.4)

0 (0)

 Chromatin

0 (0)

7 (7.3)

6 (9.4)

8 (11.4)

0 (0)

1 (3.3)

6 (37.5)a,b

3 (7.1)

2 (15.4)

 Ribosomal P

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

IFN5 score: median (IQR)

48.6 (47.1–50.5)

53.1 (48.9–63.0)

53.1 (48.4–61.5)

64.6 (53.4–68.5)a,b

54.6 (49.7–60.1)

67.4 (61.9–68.8)a,b

65.5 (55.0–67.8)a,b

52.9 (48.7–62.0)

56.2 (49.2–64.8)

  1. Abbreviations: ANA anti-nuclear antibody, ANAHC ANA-negative healthy control, ANA+NS asymptomatic ANA-positive individual, UCTD undifferentiated connective tissue disease, SARD systemic autoimmune rheumatic disease, SSc systemic sclerosis, SS Sjogren’s disease, SLE systemic lupus erythematosus, N number, SD standard deviation, Abs antibodies, IQR interquartile range, NA not applicable
  2. Significant differences (p < 0.05) from ANAHC are bolded
  3. aSignificantly different from ANA+HC (p < 0.05)
  4. bSignificantly different from UCTD (p < 0.05)
  5. cSignificantly different from non-progressors (p < 0.05)
  6. dAnti-Ro Ab-positive mother of a child with congenital heart block or neonatal lupus without a SARD diagnosis at study recruitment