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Table 3 Comparison of various combinations of cytokines as predictors of clinical progression in ANA+ subjects lacking a SARD diagnosis

From: Interferon and interferon-induced cytokines as markers of impending clinical progression in ANA+ individuals without a systemic autoimmune rheumatic disease diagnosis

Cytokine combination

Sensitivity (%)

Specificity (%)

PPV (%)

NPV (%)

Galectin-9 (≥ 2914 pg/mL)

69.23

73.81

45.00

88.57

CXCL-10 (≥ 689 pg/mL)

61.54

85.71

57.14

87.80

IFN-α (≥ 0.91 pg/mL)

53.85

83.33

50.00

85.37

CXCL-10 and Galectin-9

53.85

88.10

58.33

86.05

Galectin-9 and IFN-α

46.15

97.62

85.71

85.42

CXCL-10 and IFN-α

46.15

100.00

100.00

85.71

RO52 (≥ 11.87 NFI)

75.00

71.79

45.00

90.32

RO52 and Galectin-9

58.33

92.31

70.00

87.80

RO52 and CXCL-10

50.00

92.31

66.67

85.71

RO52 and IFN-α

58.33

87.18

58.33

87.18

RO52 and CXCL-10 and Galectin-9

50.00

94.87

75.00

86.05

RO52 and Galectin-9 and IFN-α

50.00

97.44

85.71

86.36

RO52 and CXCL-10 and IFN-α

46.15

100.00

100.00

85.71

RO52 and CXCL-10 and Galectin-9 and IFN-α

46.15

100.00

100.00

85.71

  1. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) for clinical progression in the subsequent 2 years. Only those cytokine or antibody measures that individually were significantly associated with progression are included in the table. All IFN-α measurements were done by high-sensitivity ELISA. Optimal cut-offs were determined by Youden’s index, calculated by comparing progressors and non-progressors