Fig. 1

Gut microbial diversity and taxonomy in patients with Takayasu arteritis (TAK) and healthy controls (HCs). A Alpha diversity. B Principal component analysis (PCoA) at the genus level using the weighted UniFrac distance based on permutational multivariate analysis of variance. C Microbial dysbiosis index analysed by the Mann–Whitney U test. D Partial least-squares discriminant analysis. E Volcano plot of the relative abundance of the gut microbiota at the genus level. The red dots represent increased bacteria and the blue dots represent decreased bacteria in patients with TAK compared with HCs. F and G, Bar plots of relatively increased bacteria (F) and decreased bacteria (G) in patients with TAK. In the bar plots, data are shown as the mean ± standard error of the mean. Each dot represents an individual (n = 76 for the TAK group and n = 56 for the HC group). H and I, Bar plots of bacteria shown in (F) and (G), respectively in patients with TAK with or without biological agents (Bio). Each dot represents an individual (n = 33 for Bio( +) and n = 24 for Bio(–)). ns, not significant. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ****P < 0.0001