Fig. 2

Gut microbiota taxonomy and the risk of vascular events in patients with TAK taking PPIs. A Correlation coefficient of clinical parameters and the relative abundance of the genus Streptococcus. B Correlation coefficient between the gut microbiota at the genus level and PPI use by Spearman’s two-sided rank correlation test (r > 0.2). C and D Volcano plot of the relative abundance of gut bacteria in patients with TAK taking PPIs with or without events at the genus level (C) and species level (D). The red dots represent increased bacteria and the blue dots represent decreased bacteria in patients with TAK with events compared with patients with TAK without events. E and F Relative abundance of Campylobacter and Fusobacterium at the genus level (E), Campylobacter gracilis and Fusobacterium mortiferum at the species level (F) in patients with or without aortic aneurysm-related events. The Mann–Whitney U test was used for analysis. In the bar plots, data are shown as the mean ± standard deviation. Each dot represents an individual. ns, not significant; *P < 0.05