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This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 6 Supplement 3
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 6 Supplement 3
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 6 Supplement 3
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 6 Supplement 3
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 6 Supplement 3
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 6 Supplement 3
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 6 Supplement 3
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 6 Supplement 3
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 6 Supplement 3
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 6 Supplement 3
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 6 Supplement 3
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 6 Supplement 3
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 6 Supplement 3
IL-27 is a recently identified heterodimeric cytokine produced in response to microbial and host derived inflammatory cues. Initial studies indicated that IL-27 promotes the generation of Th1 responses require...
The immune system has evolved a variety of mechanisms to achieve and maintain tolerance both centrally and in the periphery. Central tolerance is achieved through negative selection of autoreactive T cells, wh...
Whereas B7-1/B7-2 and CD28/cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) serve as the main switches regulating the clonal composition of activated naive T cells, other B7 family members fine-tune the ex...
It is increasingly recognized that B cells have multiple functions that contribute to the pathogenesis of autoimmunity. Specific targeting of B cells might therefore be an appropriate therapeutic intervention....
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the synovial joints, with progressive destruction of cartilage and bone. Anti-tumour necrosis factor-α therapies (e.g. soluble tumour necrosis fac...
Interleukin (IL)-15 is a dangerous inflammatory cytokine that induces tumor-necrosis factor-α, IL-1β and inflammatory chemokines. It inhibits self-tolerance mediated by IL-2 mediated activation-induced cell de...
Recent studies investigating the genetic susceptibility of systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis have revealed a potential role for the RUNX proteins in the development of autoimmune...
A variety of cytokines and growth factors use the Janus kinase (Jak)–STAT signaling pathway to transmit extracellular signals to the nucleus. STATs (signal transducers and activators of transcription) are late...
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 6 Supplement 2
Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a member of the family of spondyloarthropathies, which are inflammatory arthritides largely involving the axial skeleton and commonly accompanied by peripheral arthritis. Genetic...
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 6 Supplement 2
Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is a seronegative spondyloarthropathy that commonly appears after the onset of the characteristic cutaneous lesions. This complication affects about 40% of patients with moderate to s...
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 6 Supplement 2
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) antagonists are biologic response modifiers that have significantly improved functional outcomes in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). RA is a progressive disease in which str...
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 6 Supplement 2
The tumor necrosis factor (TNF) antagonists are parenterally administered biologic response modifiers indicated for the management of rheumatoid arthritis. Although infliximab, etanercept, and adalimumab are a...
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 6 Supplement 2
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) antagonists are biologic response modifiers that have significantly improved the outcomes in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). At this report, safety data were collected on a...
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 6 Supplement 2
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) antagonists have dramatically improved the outcomes of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Three agents currently available in the USA – infliximab, etanercept, and adalimumab – have been de...
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 6 Supplement 2
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 6 Supplement 2
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a common human disease with a prevalence of about 1% in most parts of the world. At the time of symptom onset it is difficult to predict the severity of subsequent disease course. ...
A consensus conference with representatives from academia, governmental agencies, and the pharmaceutical industry met and concluded that clinical trials designed to assess the efficacy and effectiveness of tre...
Apoptosis, a physiological process of controlled cell death, is essential during embryonic development and for the maintenance of tissue homeostasis. In recent years the view has emerged that dying cells can p...
The deciphering of the sequence of the human genome has raised the expectation of unravelling the specific role of each gene in physiology and pathology. High-throughput technologies for gene expression profil...
Immunosenescence is associated with a decline in both T and B lymphocyte function. Although aged individuals have normal numbers of B cells in the periphery and are capable of mounting robust humoral responses...
The relatively new technology of DNA microarrays offers the possibility to probe the human genome for clues to the pathogenesis and treatment of human disease. While early studies using this approach were larg...
In this issue, Fries and Krishnan raise provocative new ideas to explain the surfeit of positive industry sponsored trials evaluating new drugs. They suggest that these trials were designed after so much preli...
The development of spontaneous autoimmunity in inbred strains of rodents has allowed us to investigate the molecular basis of chronic inflammatory disease in ways that would not be possible in humans. Recently...
Antibodies directed to citrullinated proteins (e.g. anti-CCP [cyclic citrullinated peptide] antibodies) are highly specific for rheumatoid arthritis (RA). These antibodies are produced at the site of inflammat...
The present review attempts to reconcile the dichotomy that exists in the literature in relation to fibromyalgia, in that it is considered either a somatic response to psychological stress or a distinct organi...
Blockade of chemokines or chemokine receptors is emerging as a new potential treatment for various immune-mediated conditions. This review focuses on the therapeutic potential in rheumatoid arthritis, based on...
Anti-Sa antibodies are detected in the serum of 20–47% of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. These antibodies have a high degree of specificity for the disease, and appear to identify a subset of early rheuma...
RNA interference (RNAi) is the sequence-specific degradation of mRNA by short double-stranded RNA molecules. The technology, introduced only 5 years ago, has stimulated many fantasies regarding the future of f...
T lymphocytes have been implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory arthritis for approximately 30 years. Over that period a vast literature has described the phenotype, location and behaviour of T cells de...
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