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Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) is an inflammatory cytokine that has been implicated in a variety of rheumatic and inflammatory diseases. New understanding of the importance of TNF-α in the pathophysiology...
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 4 Supplement 2
The European Workshop for Rheumatology Research met this year in Leiden, The Netherlands. The Workshop provided a platform to feast on new technologies and how they have taken research programmes forward. Whil...
There are currently unprecedented opportunities to treat rheumatoid arthritis using well-designed, highly effective, targeted therapies. This will result in a substantial improvement in the outcome of this dis...
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 4 Supplement 3
Complement is implicated in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in several ways and may act as both friend and foe. Homozygous deficiency of any of the proteins of the classical pathway is c...
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 4 Supplement 3
Single nucleotide polymorphisms are the most important and basic form of variation in the genome, and they are responsible for genetic effects that produce susceptibility to most autoimmune diseases. The rapid...
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 4 Supplement 3
The prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is relatively constant in many populations, at 0.5–1.0%. However, a high prevalence of RA has been reported in the Pima Indians (5.3%) and in the Chippewa Indians (6...
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 4 Supplement 3
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is the paradigm of a multisystem autoimmune disease in which genetic factors strongly influence susceptibility. Through genome scans and congenic dissection, numerous loci as...
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 4 Supplement 3
Signal transduction induced by tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family members and their receptors has been an intensive area of research for several years. The major impact of these studies has been the delineatio...
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 4 Supplement 3
IL-6 is a pleiotropic cytokine with a wide range of biological activities in immune regulation, hematopoiesis, inflammation, and oncogenesis. Its activities are shared by IL-6-related cytokines such as leukemi...
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 4 Supplement 3
Regulation of osteoclast differentiation is an aspect central to the understanding of the pathogenesis and the treatment of bone diseases such as autoimmune arthritis and osteoporosis. In fact, excessive signa...
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 4 Supplement 3
The elucidation of the signalling pathways involved in inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, could provide long sought after targets for therapeutic intervention. Gene regulation is complex and ...
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 4 Supplement 3
The strong association between specific alleles encoded within the MHC class II region and the development of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has provided the best evidence to date that CD4+ T cells play a role in the ...
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 4 Supplement 3
Signals emanating from receptors of the tumor necrosis factor/nerve growth factor (TNF/NGF) family control practically all aspects of immune defense and, as such, constitute potential targets for therapeutic i...
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 4 Supplement 3
This paper presents a brief review of several lines of evidence suggesting that chemokine receptors on dendritic cells play an important role in breaking tolerance to self and in inducing autoimmunity. First, ...
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 4 Supplement 3
Several groups have documented the expression of cytokines in rheumatoid arthritis synovial tissue over the past 15 years or so. These studies have indicated that most cytokines examined are expressed at the m...
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 4 Supplement 3
Contact-mediated signaling of monocytes by human stimulated T lymphocytes (TL) is a potent proinflammatory mechanism that triggers massive upregulation of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1 and tumor necrosis fac...
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 4 Supplement 3
Interleukin-15 (IL-15) is a 14-15-kDa member of the 4α helix bundle family of cytokines that stimulate T and NK (natural killer) cells. IL-15 and IL-2 utilize heterotrimeric receptors that include the cytokine...
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 4 Supplement 3
The human leukocyte antigen HLA-B27 is strongly associated with development of a group of inflammatory arthritides collectively known as the spondyloarthritides. We have set out to define the natural immunolog...
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 4 Supplement 3
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and lymphotoxin (LT) α/β play multiple roles in the development and function of the immune system. This article focuses on three important aspects of the effects of these cytokine...
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 4 Supplement 3
Genetic susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a common autoimmune disease, is associated with certain HLA-DR4 alleles. Treatments are rarely curative and are often tied to major side effects. We describ...
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 4 Supplement 3
Immune responses are initiated in the T-cell areas of secondary lymphoid organs where naïve T lymphocytes encounter dendritic cells (DCs) that present antigens taken up in peripheral tissues. DCs represent the...
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 4 Supplement 3
T-cell activation requires interaction of T-cell antigen receptors with proteins of the major histocompatibility complex (antigen). This interaction takes place in a specialized cell–cell junction referred to ...
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 4 Supplement 3
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is the prototypic proinflammatory cytokine and endothelial cells are the principal cellular targets of its actions. Here I review the responses of endothelial cells to TNF, with emp...
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 4 Supplement 3
Angiogenesis is a prominent feature of rheumatoid synovitis. Formation of new blood vessels permits a supply of nutrients and oxygen to the augmented inflammatory cell mass and so contributes to perpetuation o...
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 4 Supplement 3
Interactions with endothelium are necessary for leukocytes to pass from the blood into extravascular tissues, and such interactions are facilitated in inflammation by the coordinated expression of endothelial ...
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 4 Supplement 3
The expansion of the synovial lining of joints in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and the subsequent invasion by the pannus of underlying cartilage and bone necessitate an increase in the vascular supply to the syno...
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 4 Supplement 3
Integrin receptors transduce bidirectional signals between extracellular adhesion molecules and intracellular cytoskeletal and signalling molecules. The structural basis of integrin signalling is unknown, but ...
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 4 Supplement 3
Tissue engineering offers new strategies for developing treatments for the repair and regeneration of damaged and diseased tissues. These treatments, using living cells, will exploit new developments in unders...
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 4 Supplement 3
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play a central role in many biological processes such as development, morphogenesis and wound healing, but their unbalanced activities are implicated in numerous disease proces...
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 4 Supplement 3
The role of matrix metalloproteinases in the degradative events invoked in the cartilage and bone of arthritic joints has long been appreciated and attempts at the development of proteinase inhibitors as poten...
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 4 Supplement 3
Understanding of how interactions between genes and environment contribute to the development of arthritis is a central issue in understanding the etiology of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), as well as for eventual...
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 4 Supplement 3
This manuscript is dedicated to Professor Tiny Maini in admiration of his grand mind and great work, in thankful appreciation of the numerous hours of our scientific debates, discussions on the future of rheum...
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 4 Supplement 3
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is the most common chronic autoimmunopathy, clinically leading to joint destruction as a consequence of the chronic inflammatory processes. The pathogenesis of this disabling disease ...
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 4 Supplement 3
The nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse is a well-recognised animal model of spontaneous autoimmune insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The disease is T-cell mediated, involving both CD4 and CD8 cells. Its progress...
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 4 Supplement 3
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 4 Supplement 3
Proteomics technologies enable profiling of autoantibody responses using biological fluids derived from patients with autoimmune disease. They provide a powerful tool to characterize autoreactive B-cell respon...
Autoantibodies are proven useful diagnostic tools for a variety of rheumatic and non-rheumatic autoimmune disorders. However, a highly specific marker autoantibody for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has not yet bee...
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 4 Supplement 2
Early diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) combined with early initiation of an appropriate treatment regimen is acknowledged as an important factor in improving clinical outcomes in patients with RA. Early ...
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 4 Supplement 2
Bone-resorbing osteoclasts are formed from hemopoietic cells of the monocyte–macrophage lineage under the control of bone-forming osteoblasts. We have cloned an osteoblast-derived factor essential for osteocla...
Although functional outcome is frequently discussed and written about, it is often not clear what functional outcome is and how it can be measured. This paper introduces the concept of latent and observed meas...
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 4 Supplement 2
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