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  1. There are currently unprecedented opportunities to treat rheumatoid arthritis using well-designed, highly effective, targeted therapies. This will result in a substantial improvement in the outcome of this dis...

    Authors: Hani D El-Gabalawy and Peter E Lipsky
    Citation: Arthritis Research & Therapy 2002 4(Suppl 3):S297

    This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 4 Supplement 3

  2. Complement is implicated in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in several ways and may act as both friend and foe. Homozygous deficiency of any of the proteins of the classical pathway is c...

    Authors: Mark J Walport
    Citation: Arthritis Research & Therapy 2002 4(Suppl 3):S279

    This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 4 Supplement 3

  3. The prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is relatively constant in many populations, at 0.5–1.0%. However, a high prevalence of RA has been reported in the Pima Indians (5.3%) and in the Chippewa Indians (6...

    Authors: Alan J Silman and Jacqueline E Pearson
    Citation: Arthritis Research & Therapy 2002 4(Suppl 3):S265

    This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 4 Supplement 3

  4. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is the paradigm of a multisystem autoimmune disease in which genetic factors strongly influence susceptibility. Through genome scans and congenic dissection, numerous loci as...

    Authors: Charles Nguyen, Nisha Limaye and Edward K Wakeland
    Citation: Arthritis Research & Therapy 2002 4(Suppl 3):S255

    This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 4 Supplement 3

  5. IL-6 is a pleiotropic cytokine with a wide range of biological activities in immune regulation, hematopoiesis, inflammation, and oncogenesis. Its activities are shared by IL-6-related cytokines such as leukemi...

    Authors: Tetsuji Naka, Norihiro Nishimoto and Tadamitsu Kishimoto
    Citation: Arthritis Research & Therapy 2002 4(Suppl 3):S233

    This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 4 Supplement 3

  6. Regulation of osteoclast differentiation is an aspect central to the understanding of the pathogenesis and the treatment of bone diseases such as autoimmune arthritis and osteoporosis. In fact, excessive signa...

    Authors: Hiroshi Takayanagi, Sunhwa Kim and Tadatsugu Taniguchi
    Citation: Arthritis Research & Therapy 2002 4(Suppl 3):S227

    This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 4 Supplement 3

  7. The elucidation of the signalling pathways involved in inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, could provide long sought after targets for therapeutic intervention. Gene regulation is complex and ...

    Authors: Nicole J Horwood, Clive Smith, Evangelos Andreakos, Emilia Quattrocchi, Fionula M Brennan, Marc Feldmann and Brian MJ Foxwell
    Citation: Arthritis Research & Therapy 2002 4(Suppl 3):S215

    This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 4 Supplement 3

  8. Signals emanating from receptors of the tumor necrosis factor/nerve growth factor (TNF/NGF) family control practically all aspects of immune defense and, as such, constitute potential targets for therapeutic i...

    Authors: David Wallach, Thangavelu U Arumugam, Mark P Boldin, Giuseppina Cantarella, Koluman A Ganesh, Yuri Goltsev, Tanya M Goncharov, Andrew V Kovalenko, Akhil Rajput, Eugene E Varfolomeev and Si Qing Zhang
    Citation: Arthritis Research & Therapy 2002 4(Suppl 3):S189

    This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 4 Supplement 3

  9. This paper presents a brief review of several lines of evidence suggesting that chemokine receptors on dendritic cells play an important role in breaking tolerance to self and in inducing autoimmunity. First, ...

    Authors: Joost J Oppenheim, De Yang, Arya Biragyn, OM Zack Howard and Paul Plotz
    Citation: Arthritis Research & Therapy 2002 4(Suppl 3):S183

    This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 4 Supplement 3

  10. Contact-mediated signaling of monocytes by human stimulated T lymphocytes (TL) is a potent proinflammatory mechanism that triggers massive upregulation of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1 and tumor necrosis fac...

    Authors: Danielle Burger and Jean-Michel Dayer
    Citation: Arthritis Research & Therapy 2002 4(Suppl 3):S169

    This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 4 Supplement 3

  11. Interleukin-15 (IL-15) is a 14-15-kDa member of the 4α helix bundle family of cytokines that stimulate T and NK (natural killer) cells. IL-15 and IL-2 utilize heterotrimeric receptors that include the cytokine...

    Authors: Thomas Waldmann
    Citation: Arthritis Research & Therapy 2002 4(Suppl 3):S161

    This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 4 Supplement 3

  12. The human leukocyte antigen HLA-B27 is strongly associated with development of a group of inflammatory arthritides collectively known as the spondyloarthritides. We have set out to define the natural immunolog...

    Authors: Andrew McMichael and Paul Bowness
    Citation: Arthritis Research & Therapy 2002 4(Suppl 3):S153

    This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 4 Supplement 3

  13. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and lymphotoxin (LT) α/β play multiple roles in the development and function of the immune system. This article focuses on three important aspects of the effects of these cytokine...

    Authors: Hugh McDevitt, Sibyl Munson, Rachel Ettinger and Ava Wu
    Citation: Arthritis Research & Therapy 2002 4(Suppl 3):S141

    This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 4 Supplement 3

  14. Genetic susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a common autoimmune disease, is associated with certain HLA-DR4 alleles. Treatments are rarely curative and are often tied to major side effects. We describ...

    Authors: Rüdiger Eming, Kevin Visconti, Frances Hall, Chiyoko Sekine, Kayta Kobayashi, Qun Chen, Andrew Cope, Satoshi Kanazawa, Matija Peterlin, Antonius Rijnders, Annemieke Boots, Jan Meijerink and Grete Sønderstrup
    Citation: Arthritis Research & Therapy 2002 4(Suppl 3):S133

    This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 4 Supplement 3

  15. Immune responses are initiated in the T-cell areas of secondary lymphoid organs where naïve T lymphocytes encounter dendritic cells (DCs) that present antigens taken up in peripheral tissues. DCs represent the...

    Authors: Federica Sallusto and Antonio Lanzavecchia
    Citation: Arthritis Research & Therapy 2002 4(Suppl 3):S127

    This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 4 Supplement 3

  16. T-cell activation requires interaction of T-cell antigen receptors with proteins of the major histocompatibility complex (antigen). This interaction takes place in a specialized cell–cell junction referred to ...

    Authors: Michael L Dustin
    Citation: Arthritis Research & Therapy 2002 4(Suppl 3):S119

    This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 4 Supplement 3

  17. Interactions with endothelium are necessary for leukocytes to pass from the blood into extravascular tissues, and such interactions are facilitated in inflammation by the coordinated expression of endothelial ...

    Authors: Dorian O Haskard and R Clive Landis
    Citation: Arthritis Research & Therapy 2002 4(Suppl 3):S91

    This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 4 Supplement 3

  18. The expansion of the synovial lining of joints in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and the subsequent invasion by the pannus of underlying cartilage and bone necessitate an increase in the vascular supply to the syno...

    Authors: Ewa M Paleolog
    Citation: Arthritis Research & Therapy 2002 4(Suppl 3):S81

    This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 4 Supplement 3

  19. Integrin receptors transduce bidirectional signals between extracellular adhesion molecules and intracellular cytoskeletal and signalling molecules. The structural basis of integrin signalling is unknown, but ...

    Authors: Martin J Humphries
    Citation: Arthritis Research & Therapy 2002 4(Suppl 3):S69

    This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 4 Supplement 3

  20. Tissue engineering offers new strategies for developing treatments for the repair and regeneration of damaged and diseased tissues. These treatments, using living cells, will exploit new developments in unders...

    Authors: Tim Hardingham, Simon Tew and Alan Murdoch
    Citation: Arthritis Research & Therapy 2002 4(Suppl 3):S63

    This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 4 Supplement 3

  21. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play a central role in many biological processes such as development, morphogenesis and wound healing, but their unbalanced activities are implicated in numerous disease proces...

    Authors: Hideaki Nagase and Keith Brew
    Citation: Arthritis Research & Therapy 2002 4(Suppl 3):S51

    This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 4 Supplement 3

  22. The role of matrix metalloproteinases in the degradative events invoked in the cartilage and bone of arthritic joints has long been appreciated and attempts at the development of proteinase inhibitors as poten...

    Authors: Gillian Murphy, Vera Knäuper, Susan Atkinson, George Butler, William English, Mike Hutton, Jan Stracke and Ian Clark
    Citation: Arthritis Research & Therapy 2002 4(Suppl 3):S39

    This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 4 Supplement 3

  23. Understanding of how interactions between genes and environment contribute to the development of arthritis is a central issue in understanding the etiology of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), as well as for eventual...

    Authors: Lars Klareskog, Johnny Lorentzen, Leonid Padyukov and Lars Alfredsson
    Citation: Arthritis Research & Therapy 2002 4(Suppl 3):S31

    This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 4 Supplement 3

  24. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is the most common chronic autoimmunopathy, clinically leading to joint destruction as a consequence of the chronic inflammatory processes. The pathogenesis of this disabling disease ...

    Authors: Hanns-Martin Lorenz and Joachim R Kalden
    Citation: Arthritis Research & Therapy 2002 4(Suppl 3):S17

    This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 4 Supplement 3

  25. The nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse is a well-recognised animal model of spontaneous autoimmune insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The disease is T-cell mediated, involving both CD4 and CD8 cells. Its progress...

    Authors: Jean-François Bach
    Citation: Arthritis Research & Therapy 2002 4(Suppl 3):S3

    This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 4 Supplement 3

  26. Autoantibodies are proven useful diagnostic tools for a variety of rheumatic and non-rheumatic autoimmune disorders. However, a highly specific marker autoantibody for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has not yet bee...

    Authors: Günter Steiner and Josef Smolen
    Citation: Arthritis Research & Therapy 2002 4(Suppl 2):S1

    This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 4 Supplement 2

  27. Early diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) combined with early initiation of an appropriate treatment regimen is acknowledged as an important factor in improving clinical outcomes in patients with RA. Early ...

    Authors: Paul Emery
    Citation: Arthritis Research & Therapy 2002 4(Suppl 2):S6

    This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 4 Supplement 2

  28. Bone-resorbing osteoclasts are formed from hemopoietic cells of the monocyte–macrophage lineage under the control of bone-forming osteoblasts. We have cloned an osteoblast-derived factor essential for osteocla...

    Authors: Nobuyuki Udagawa, Shigeru Kotake, Naoyuki Kamatani, Naoyuki Takahashi and Tatsuo Suda
    Citation: Arthritis Research & Therapy 2002 4:281
  29. Although functional outcome is frequently discussed and written about, it is often not clear what functional outcome is and how it can be measured. This paper introduces the concept of latent and observed meas...

    Authors: Frederick Wolfe
    Citation: Arthritis Research & Therapy 2002 4(Suppl 2):S11

    This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 4 Supplement 2

  30. Proteinase-3 (PR-3) is a neutral serine proteinase present in azurophil granules of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes and serves as the major target antigen of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies with a cyt...

    Authors: Holger Brockmann, Andreas Schwarting, Jörg Kriegsmann, Peter Petrow, Andreas Gaumann, Klaus-Michael Müller, Peter Robert Galle and Werner Mayet
    Citation: Arthritis Research & Therapy 2002 4:220
  31. We are developing retroviral-mediated gene transfer to human fibroblast-like synovial cells (FLS) as one approach to characterizing genetic pathways involved in synoviocyte pathophysiology. Prior work has sugg...

    Authors: Jianmin Yang, Michael S Friedman, Huimin Bian, Leslie J Crofford, Blake Roessler and Kevin T McDonagh
    Citation: Arthritis Research & Therapy 2002 4:215
  32. In chronic inflammatory foci, such as the rheumatoid joint, there is enhanced recruitment of phagocytes from the blood into the tissues. Chemokines are strongly implicated in directing the migration of these c...

    Authors: Angela M Patterson, Caroline Schmutz, Scott Davis, Lucy Gardner, Brian A Ashton and Jim Middleton
    Citation: Arthritis Research & Therapy 2002 4:209
  33. Although early antibiotic treatment of patients with septic arthritis eradicates bacteria, joint destruction commonly results from the unregulated host inflammatory responses to infection. The spin trap compou...

    Authors: Egidija Sakiniene and L Vincent Collins
    Citation: Arthritis Research & Therapy 2002 4:196
  34. Tissue factor (TF) is a transmembrane glycoprotein and the main triggering element of blood coagulation. TF expression on monocytes and endothelial cells is induced by exposure to endotoxin, tumor necrosis fac...

    Authors: Maria I Bokarewa, James H Morrissey and Andrej Tarkowski
    Citation: Arthritis Research & Therapy 2002 4:190
  35. A study was done to determine if the differentiation and activation phenotype of T cells in synovial fluid (SF) from patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is associated with T-cell proliferation in si...

    Authors: Antony PB Black, Hansha Bhayani, Clive AJ Ryder, Janet MM Gardner-Medwin and Taunton R Southwood
    Citation: Arthritis Research & Therapy 2002 4:177
  36. Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a multisystem connective tissue disease characterised phenotypically by fibrosis and ischaemic atrophy. Its aetiology is most likely multifactorial. A genetic predisposition to the ...

    Authors: Ariane L Herrick and Jane Worthington
    Citation: Arthritis Research & Therapy 2002 4:165
  37. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, MMP-8 and MMP-13 are interstitial collagenases that degrade type II collagen in cartilage; this is a committed step in the progression of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthrit...

    Authors: Matthew P Vincenti and Constance E Brinckerhoff
    Citation: Arthritis Research & Therapy 2002 4:157
  38. IL-6 is a multifunctional cytokine produced by lymphoid and nonlymphoid cells; it regulates immune responses, acute-phase reactions, and inflammation. IL-6 signaling is mediated exclusively by the common signa...

    Authors: Tetsuji Naka and Tadamitsu Kishimoto
    Citation: Arthritis Research & Therapy 2002 4:154
  39. The use of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins) to reduce serum cholesterol is well described. However, the recent finding that statins have direct effects on bone was unexpecte...

    Authors: Christopher J Edwards and Tim D Spector
    Citation: Arthritis Research & Therapy 2002 4:151
  40. It is not known to what extent glucocorticoid hormones cause their anti-inflammatory actions and their undesirable side effects by the same or different molecular mechanisms. Glucocorticoids combine with a cyt...

    Authors: Jeremy Saklatvala
    Citation: Arthritis Research & Therapy 2002 4:146

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