Increased production of soluble CTLA-4 in patients with spondylarthropathies correlates with disease activity

Introduction Spondylarthropathies (SpA) are characterized by abnormal immune responses including T cell activation. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated molecule-4 (CTLA-4) is involved in down-regulating immune responses. A soluble form of CTLA-4 (sCTLA-4), resulting from an alternative splicing, has been identified and was found increased in several autoimmune diseases. Here, we evaluated circulating levels of sCTLA-4 as a marker of immune dysregulation in SpA. Intracellular CTLA-4 and levels of CTLA-4 transcript expression in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) were also studied. Methods Sera from 165 patients with SpA were evaluated for sCTLA-4 measurements. Results were compared with those from 71 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and 88 healthy subjects. In 32 patients with SpA, 22 patients with RA and 15 healthy controls, we analyzed the intracellular CTLA-4 expression in CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, activated (HLA-DR+Foxp3-) CD4+ T cells, CD4+ regulatory (CD25+Foxp3+) T cells and in CD3 negative cells by flow cytometry. Expression of the full length (coding for membrane CTLA-4) and spliced form (coding for sCTLA-4) of CTLA-4 transcripts in PBL were analyzed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (QRT-PCR). Results High levels of sCTLA-4 were found in the SpA group compared to the RA group and healthy controls (P < 0.0001). Soluble CTLA-4 serum levels strongly correlated with clinical index of disease activity BASDAI (r = 0.42, P < 0.0001) and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels (r = 0.17, P = 0.037). In contrast to RA patients, SpA patients did not exhibit changes in intracellular CTLA-4 expression in the different PBL subsets tested. Finally, the SpA group showed a preferential expression of the spliced CTLA-4 mRNA (P = 0.0014) in PBL. Conclusions SpA patients exhibit high levels of circulating sCTLA-4 that may result from an alternative splicing of CTLA-4 transcripts. This may influence immune activation and regulation in SpA.

The pathophysiology of these diseases is not completely understood, but it is believed that the genetic component is directly involved as demonstrated by transgenic rats expressing human HLA-B27 [2]. Environmental factors also play a role in SpA, particularly bacterial antigens from the gut or the genitourinary tract [3]. Different cellular subsets are observed in the joints or entheseal structures of SpA including macrophages and neutrophils, and also CD8+ and CD4+ T lymphocytes [4,5]. It has been suggested that aberrant immune response occurs in SpA or that SpA results from molecular mimicry. It is thought that unregulated CD8+ and/or CD4+ T cell responses to bacterial or self antigens participate in SpA pathophysiology and that both responses involve the HLA-B27 molecule [6]. Indeed, CD4+T cells are required for the development of the disease in the animal model of transgenic rat for human HLA-B27.
CD28 expressed on T cells and its ligands, CD80 and CD86, present on the antigen presenting cells (APC) are the prototypical costimulatory molecules [7]. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated molecule-4 (CTLA-4 or CD152) is expressed on T cells after activation, but it is constitutively expressed by CD4+CD25+ regulatory cells (Treg) [8]. This molecule is homologous to CD28 and binds to CD80 and CD86 with a higher affinity. Membrane bound CTLA-4 acts by interfering with CD28/CD80-CD86 interactions by competitive binding and also by mediating a negative signal interfering with T cell receptor stimulation [9]. Thus, CTLA-4 triggering leads to a down regulation of T cell response, induction of apoptosis and/or immunological anergy [7]. On the other hand, CTLA-4 is absolutely required for the suppressive function of naturally occurring FoxP3+ Treg, at least in mice [10]. In addition to CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, B cells also express CTLA-4 [8].
A soluble form of CTLA-4 (sCTLA-4) has also been described [11,12]. This soluble molecule results from an alternative transcript of the CTLA-4 gene, which lacks the third exon encoding the transmembrane domain of the CTLA-4 molecule [11,12]. This soluble form, detected in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, B cells and lymphoid organs [8], is able to bind CD80 and CD86. Recent data showed the increase of sCTLA-4 in the serum of patients with various autoimmune diseases, such as thyroiditis [13], myasthenia gravis [14], systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) [15,16], and systemic sclerosis [17]. It has been suggested that sCTLA-4 may interfere with normal immune response, favoring autoreactivity in these conditions [11]. In addition, genetic studies revealed that there is an association between CTLA-4 gene polymorphism and susceptibility to autoimmune diseases [18].
Abnormal T cell activation is observed in SpA, suggesting a possible defect of lymphocyte inhibitory molecules. Thus, here, we investigated the serum levels of sCTLA-4 in a large cohort of patients with SpA. Then, we analyzed the cellular expression of CTLA-4 on different peripheral blood lymphocyte (PBL) subsets, as well as CTLA-4 transcripts in PBL. The results obtained in SpA patients were compared with those obtained in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Patients with spondylarthropathy
We enrolled 165 consecutive patients who met the European Spondylarthropathy Study group criteria for SpA [19] and were receiving follow-up at our department (Rheumatology Department, Besançon, France). Clinical assessment included the following demographic data: age, sex, disease duration, and extra-articular manifestations (uveitis). The clinical activity was evaluated using the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI) [20] and the functional score Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index (BASFI) [21]. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and C reactive protein (CRP) levels were used as laboratory parameters to assess inflammation. Biologic assessment also included HLA-B27 determination. All the patients received non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and some of them had a secondline treatment such as sulfasalazine (n = 23) or methotrexate (n = 10). A limited number of patients had corticosteroids at a low dosage (daily prednisolone  10 mg; n = 8). In order to avoid anti-TNF- agent as a confounding factor, patients under or who had previously received anti-TNF- agent were excluded from this study.

Patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Seventy-one patients with RA meeting 1987 American College of Rheumatology criteria [22] were included for purposes of comparison. For each of these patients, the following data were recorded: age; sex; disease duration; extra-articular manifestations (subcutaneous nodules, vasculitis, sicca syndrome, pulmonary, or cardiac involvement); tender and swollen joint counts; the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) score; the ESR and CRP levels; and whether tests were positive for rheumatoid factors.

Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus
In order to have another comparative group (with previously determined elevated serum sCTLA-4 levels) [15,16], 14 patients with SLE (13 females, 1 male, mean age 44.1 ± 5.5 years) responding to the 1982 revised American Rheumatism Association criteria [23] were also recruited.

Control subjects
The control group consisted of 88 healthy subjects without inflammatory conditions (platelets donors). HLA class I antigen determination was available in this group. As most of the patients with SpA were HLA-B27 positive and the frequency of this antigen in the normal population is around 8%, we selected 24 HLA-B27-positive subjects from the platelet donors for this control group.
All the patients and control subjects gave their informed consent to participate in the study according to the Helsinki declaration and our study protocol was approved by our local ethics committee (comité d'éthique clinique du CHU de Besançon).

Determination of circulating soluble CTLA-4
Serum concentrations of sCTLA-4 in patients with SpA, RA, or SLE and control subjects were determined by ELISA using reagent kits for human sCTLA-4 (AbCys, Paris, France) according to the manufacturer's instructions.

Flow cytometric analysis of intracellular expression of CTLA-4 on lymphocyte subsets
Absolute numbers of blood T cells, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were determined by single platform flow cytometry using the TetraCXP ® method, Flow-Count fluorospheres, and FC500 ® cytometer (Beckman Coulter, Villepinte, France) according to the manufacturer's recommendations [24]. CTLA-4 is not expressed on human naive resting T cells and is only expressed after activation on the surface at low levels (less than 10% of total CTLA-4) [8], so we decided to evaluate intracellular CTLA-4 expression in fixed and permeabilized lymphocytes to appreciate CTLA-4 expression in different lymphocyte subsets. Staining was performed on ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) venous blood samples after red blood cell lysis. Cells were stained with allophycocyanin-conjugated CD3, phycoerythrin-cyanin 7 (PE-Cy7)conjugated CD4, fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-conjugated CD8 antibodies (Beckman Coulter, Villepinte, France), then fixed, permeabilized and stained again using PE-conjugated anti-CTLA-4 (anti-CD152) antibody (Beckman Coulter, Villepinte, France) before being analyzed using FACS Canto II ® cytometer (BD Biosciences, Le Pont de Claix, France). The same experiments were also performed using conjugated anti-HLA-DR, FITC-conjugated anti-CD25, PE Texas Red (ECD) conjugated anti-CD69 (Beckman Coulter, Villepinte, France) or conjugated anti-FoxP3 (clone PCH101, eBioscience, San Diego, CA, USA) [25] antibodies. Intracellular expression of CTLA-4 was examined in CD3+ T cells, in activated (HLA-DR+) CD4+ T cells, in early activated (CD69+) CD4+ T cells, and in (CD25+ FoxP3+) CD4 + Treg. Non-specific staining was determined using labeled irrelevant control antibodies from the same antibody providers. Intracellular CTLA-4 analysis was performed in 32 SpA patients, 22 RA patients, and 15 healthy controls. These patients and healthy donors were randomly selected and corresponded to consecutive patients (samples were collected between August 2006 and April 2007).

Quantification of full length and spliced CTLA-4 transcripts in peripheral blood mononuclear cells
The human CTLA-4 gene contains four exons. The full length CTLA-4 mRNA contains these four exons, encoding the CTLA-4 molecule expressed at the cell membrane [9]. sCTLA-4 is generated by alternatively spliced mRNA. This splicing event deletes the entire transmembrane region of the CTLA-4 molecule (corresponding to exon 3). Thus, the spliced CTLA-4 mRNA contains only three exons, encoding for the soluble form of CTLA-4 [11]. Total RNA was extracted from 3 × 10 6 of cells using the RNeasy ® Blood mini kit (QIAGEN, Courtaboeuf, France) according to the manufacturer's instructions, and reverse transcribed using random hexamers and M-MLV reverse transcriptase (Life Technologies, Rockville, MD, USA) to use as a template for quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (QRT-PCR). QRT-PCR reactions were performed in duplicate using gene-specific probes and a universal master mix (Applied Biosystems, Courtaboeuf, France) on an iCycler iQ thermocycler (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Marnes-la-Coquette, France). For full length CTLA-4 transcript analysis, gene-specific primers and bi-fluorescent hydrolysis probes were obtained from Assays-on-DemandTM gene expression products (#Hs99999101_m1; Applied Biosystems, Courtaboeuf, France). Expression of spliced CTLA-4 transcripts was analyzed using the following primer pair designed by ourselves (sense, anti-sense and probe respectively): 5'-CATCTGCAAGGTGGAGCTCAT-3', 5'-GGCTTCTTTTCTTTAGCAATTACATAAATC-3', and 5'-FAM-ACCGCCATACTACCTGGGCATAGGCA-TAMRA-3'. Analysis was carried out using the Ct method [26] with the pool of 15 healthy donor PBL samples as a calibrator and 18S as a housekeeping reference gene. Target gene expression was expressed as a fold change compared with healthy donor PBL.

Statistical analysis
Results were expressed as mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM; range). Only non-parametric tests were used. Statistical analysis between the three groups (healthy controls, SpA, and RA) involved non-parametric analysis of variance (ANOVA) using the Kruskal-Wallis test. This test was used to compare age, circulating sCTLA-4 levels, T cell subsets, and intracellular CTLA-4 expression. When a significant difference was found between the three groups, a two-group analysis was performed a second time (SpA vs controls, RA vs controls and SpA vs RA) using the Mann-Whitney U-test. This test was also used to compare variables (disease duration, ESR, CRP) between SpA and RA patients and between SLE patients and healthy controls (sCTLA-4). Qualitative data (sex) were analyzed using the chi-squared test. Wilcoxon test was used to compare the relative expression of the full length and the spliced form of CTLA-4 transcripts in patients with SpA and in patients with RA. Spearman's r-test was used to calculate correlations between sCTLA-4 and indices of disease activity of SpA or RA, and between CTLA-4 transcripts and sCTLA-4 in patients with SpA. Values of P less than 0.05 were considered significant.

Study population
The demographic, clinical characteristics, and laboratory features of the patients with SpA, patients with RA and healthy controls (platelet donors) are reported in Table 1. Of the 165 patients with SpA, 117 had AS, 7 had reactive arthritis, 5 had psoriatic arthritis, 5 had enteropathic arthritis, and 31 had undifferentiated SpA. At the time of evaluation, extra-articular manifestations were present in 21% and peripheral arthritis in 27.8% of patients with SpA. The HLA-B27 antigen was detected in 87.8% of patients. Among RA patients, 36.6% had extra-articular organ involvement.
The three groups (SpA, RA, healthy controls) differed regarding age (P < 0.0001) and pairwise tests showed that the patients with RA were older compared with the patients with SpA or healthy controls (P < 0.0001). However, age was similar in the SpA group and the control group (P = 0.28). The proportion of female patients was higher in the RA group than in the SpA and control groups (P < 0.0001), whereas the sex ratio was the same in the SpA and control subjects (P = 0.9). No differences were found between SpA and RA for disease duration, ESR, or CRP levels (all P > 0.05).
Finally, in normal subjects, we did not observe any significant differences in serum sCTLA-4 levels between male and female subjects or between HLA-B27-positive and HLA-B27-negative subjects (all P > 0.05).
To better understand this increase in circulating sCTLA-4 in patients with SpA, we then evaluated intracellular CTLA-4 expression. This analysis was performed in a representative number of patients and controls (i.e., 32 patients with SpA, 22 patients with RA, and 15 healthy controls).

Analysis of blood lymphocyte subsets
Before analysis of intracellular CTLA-4 expression in lymphocyte subsets, we first compared absolute numbers of circulating CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ T cells in the SpA group, in the RA group, and in healthy volunteers involved in this analy-sis. The three groups differed significantly regarding the number of CD3+ and CD8+ T cells (P  0.005; Table 2). Indeed, RA patients had lower absolute numbers of CD3+ and CD8+ T cells compared with healthy controls or patients with SpA (P < 0.01 for each test). No difference in CD3+ T cells was observed between SpA patients and healthy controls, while CD8+ T cells were found to be lower in SpA, a result that was just near the significant level (P = 0.051).
We then examined the percentage of circulating activated CD4+ T cells and Treg in the three studied groups. No difference was observed between these three groups for activated CD4+ T cells or for Treg (all P > 0.05; Table 2).

Analysis of intracellular CTLA-4 expression in T cell subsets
As shown in Table 2 and Figure 3, a significant difference was observed in the percentage of cells positive for intracellular CTLA-4 in CD4+ T cells, Treg, non T cells (CD3-negative cells in the lymphocyte gate, as assessed by flow cytometry; this presumably corresponds to B cells rather than natural killer cells [8]) and in the total lymphocyte gate between the three groups (P < 0.01 for each test), while no similar difference was found for activated CD4+ T cells or CD8+ T cells. However, SpA patients and healthy controls did not differ with regard to intracellular CTLA-4 in all these distinct lymphocyte subsets (all P > 0.05). Conversely, RA patients had lower intracellular CTLA-4 expression in CD4+ T cells and Treg compared with healthy controls or patients with SpA (all P < 0.05). The expression of intracellular CTLA-4 in CD3 negative cells (presumably B cells) was found to be higher in RA  The Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI) was evaluated as described in [19]. The statistical test used was Spearman's r test. When the eight extreme values (white circles) are not considered for correlation analysis, a significant correlation between sCTLA-4 and BASDAI score is still observed: (Spearman's test: r = 0.382, P < 0.0001).
patients compared with healthy controls or SpA (P < 0.01). This increase of intracellular CTLA-4 in CD3-negative cells of RA patients leads to an increase of total intracellular CTLA-4 when considering all the lymphocytes (P = 0.004), while no difference was observed between SpA patients and healthy controls in these cells. Thus, increase of circulating sCTLA-4 in patients with SpA did not reflect an increase of intracellular CTLA-4 (independent on the examined T cell population). This prompted us to complete our analysis by evaluating the different CTLA-4 transcripts.

Analysis of CTLA-4 full length and spliced mRNA transcripts
The pool of PBL from the 15 healthy donors was used as a reference. In patients with SpA, we observed an increase expression of the spliced CTLA-4 mRNA transcript (mean ± SEM, range, 1.608 ± 0.2, 0.09 to 4.14) relative to the full form (Figure 4; mean ± SEM, range, 0.942 ± 0.11, 0.03 to 2.3, P = 0.0014). Conversely, there was no difference in the expression of the full length form versus the spliced form in patients with RA (mean ± SEM, range, 1.117 ± 0.28, 0.1 to 2.7 for the spliced form transcript vs. 1.157 ± 0.4, 0.13 to 4.59 for the full length transcript expression, P = 0.7). We also found a tendency for a correlation between spliced CTLA-4 mRNA tran- Table 2 Absolute Percentage of intracellular CTLA-4 was determined by flow cytometry. Results are expressed as mean ± standard error of the mean, (range). The Kruskal-Wallis (KW) test was used to compare T cell subsets and intracellular CTLA-4 expression in the three groups. Then, Mann-Whitney U-test was used to calculate the exact P values between two groups. HC = healthy controls; HLA = Histocompatibility Leukocyte Antigen; KW = Kruskal-Wallis; MW = Mann-Whitney; NS = not significant; RA = rheumatoid arthritis; SpA = spondylarthropathie. script levels and serum sCTLA-4 in patients with SpA (r = 0.43, P = 0.07; Figure 5). No similar correlation was observed in the RA group. Altogether, these data suggest that the increase of sCTLA-4 found in SpA patient serum could be related to an increase of spliced CTLA-4 mRNA transcripts.

Discussion
Here, we evaluated circulating sCTLA-4 as a marker of disease activity for SpA. The role of sCTLA-4 is still not completely understood in contrast to membrane-bound CTLA-4, a negative regulator of T cell functions [8,9]. sCTLA-4 -resulting from an alternative transcript of the CTLA-4 gene [11,12] -is also able to bind CD80 and CD86 and may prevent membrane-bound CTLA-4 or CD28 interactions with their ligands [12]. Thus, sCTLA-4 may interfere with both (CD28-mediated) activating and (CTLA-4-mediated) inhibitory signaling path-ways. The role of sCTLA-4 in T cell responses and inflammatory diseases have been recently highlighted by the description of the association of CTLA-4 gene polymorphisms (49 G/G and CT60 G/G) with the risk for common autoimmune diseases, such as Graves' disease, autoimmune hypothyroidism, and type I diabetes [18]. The CTLA-4 CT60G/G genotype was associated with lower sCTLA-4 transcript abundance in CD4+ T cells [17]. Despite the absence of sCTLA-4 protein analysis, these data by Ueda and colleagues [18] suggest that reduced sCTLA-4 (at least in CD4+ T cells) is associated with increased T cell activation and thereby autoreactivity.
On the contrary, further studies on circulating sCTLA-4-analyzed by ELISA-in several autoimmune diseases showed high levels of serum sCTLA-4 in patients with Graves' disease [13], Hashimoto thyroiditis [13], myasthenia gravis [14], SLE [15,16], and systemic sclerosis [17]. In SLE, elevated serum sCTLA-4 levels were correlated with the clinical index of disease activity SLEDAI in one study [16], but not in a second [15]. In systemic sclerosis, patients exhibited high levels of serum sCTLA-4 that correlated with disease activity [16]. In addition, sCTLA-4 was associated with cutaneous extension of fibrosis and tended to decrease in parallel to skin sclerosis improvement in a longitudinal analysis of some patients [17]. Taken together, these results suggest that high levels of circulating sCTLA-4 are observed in several autoimmune diseases and can be associated with disease severity and activity. This argues for a role of sCTLA-4 in enhancing T cell activation or preventing T cell regulation, leading finally to exacerbation of the disease [16,17].
The main finding of our study is that there are increased levels of serum sCTLA-4 in patients with SpA, compared with levels observed in patients with RA or in healthy volunteers. Circulating sCTLA-4 correlated with clinical index of disease activity BASDAI and CRP levels. As previously reported [12][13][14][15], serum sCTLA-4 was very low in our group of healthy controls, even in the 24 positive HLA-B27 subjects. We also confirm that patients with SLE had high circulating sCTLA-4 levels (around 70-fold more than control subjects). Our cohort of patients included mainly AS and undifferentiated SpA, but we did not observed significant differences between SpA subgroups (data not shown). As expected, the majority of patients with SpA expressed the HLA-B27 antigen, but again, this had no influence on the levels of sCTLA-4. In addition, no correlation was found between sCTLA-4, age, or the clinical charac-teristics of the patients. However, we found that male patients had higher sCTLA-4 levels than female patients but this may be explained by a predominance of male patients with SpA (73.3% in our series).
Our patients had conventional treatments for SpA (i.e. mainly NSAIDs) and a limited number of patients had a second-line treatment. However, it is considered that these treatments had no influence on T cell activation and costimulation pathways and therefore on the level of sCTLA-4. Eight SpA patients among the 165 analyzed here received oral prednisolone. Corticosteroids have been shown to decrease membrane CTLA-4 expression after human T cell activation [27]. Moreover, oral prednisolone in asthmatic patients has been shown to reduce serum sCTLA-4 concentrations after two weeks of treatment [28]. However, this can not be evaluated in our cohort because the number of patients on prednisolone is very low and concentrations are different (<10 mg/day in our study vs 30 mg/day [28]). The impact of therapy on circulating sCTLA-4 is an interesting question to address.
The increase of sCTLA-4 in the serum of our patients with SpA contrasted with a normal percentage of cells positive for intracellular CTLA-4 (in comparison with the percentage found in healthy controls), suggesting a preferential expression of the spliced form of the CTLA-4 gene. Indeed, CTLA-4 mRNA analysis confirms this hypothesis because the spliced CTLA-4 RNA transcripts were found to be expressed at a higher level compared with the full length form. These results indicate that SpA patients had a high production of sCTLA-4 which was related to a preferential transcription of the CTLA-4 mRNA  [8]. Results (mean ± standard error of the mean) are obtained using the Ct method and expressed as a fold change of each CTLA-4 transcript comparative with the reference obtained with the pool of 15 healthy donor PBL. Wilcoxon test was used to compare the relative production of the full length and the spliced form in patients with SpA and in patients with RA (*** P < 0.005). NS = not significant. spliced form. The reason for the main expression of these CTLA-4 transcripts in SpA is not known but one may hypothesize that genetic background could play a role [18]. However, our cohort to date did not include a sufficient number of patients to appreciate the relation between circulating sCTLA-4, CTLA-4 mRNA spliced form, and CTLA-4 polymorphism.
SpAs are characterized by an infiltration of the sacroiliac joints, the synovium and entheseal structures by inflammatory cells. Different cells are found in these lesions [4,5]. Both CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes are described at the pathological sites as well as B cells and macrophages [4,5]. These infiltrated T cells are activated and require the active participation of costimulation pathways. Thus, a high production of sCTLA-4 in SpA may potentially influence immune responses. As stated above, sCTLA-4 may block the down regulation of activated T cells mediated by CTLA-4-CD80/CD86 interactions, enhancing immune response in situ. Costimulation pathways have not been previously evaluated in SpA. However, in the HLA-B27 transgenic rat model of SpA, a decrease in formation of conjugates between dendritic cells expressing HLA-B27 and T cells was observed [29]. This decrease in dendritic cell-T cell conjugates was not related to a decrease of CD80 or CD86 expression, but resulted from a defective CD86 costimulatory pathway [29]. One may speculate that this defective APC function is due to the blockade of CD86 by sCTLA-4.
Treg are also implicated in the inflammatory response in SpA. Treg were found to be enriched in synovial tissues from patients with SpA, contrasting with a low percentage of Treg in the blood compartment [30]. In our study, we did not observe a significant reduction in the percentage of circulating Treg in our SpA patients as compared with healthy controls and RA patients. Treg constitutively expressed CTLA-4 [8] and suppressive functions of some Treg subsets are dependent on CTLA-4 [10,31]. Thus, one may speculate that a high production of sCTLA-4 in SpA may interfere with Treg functions, leading to a sustained and/or enhanced immune response. As stated above, the relation between sCTLA-4 and disease activity in different autoimmune diseases argues for a blockade of the inhibitory signal resulting from CTLA-4/CD80-CD86 binding.
In this study, serum sCTLA-4 was found mildly elevated in patients with RA compared with healthy controls. In addition, the percentage of cells positive for intracellular CTLA-4 was found decreased in CD4+ T cells and also in Treg. These results were not explained by the relative lymphopenia that characterized our RA patients, which involved CD3+ T cells and CD8+ T cells, while CD4+ T cells and Treg did not differ between patients and controls. On the other hand, intracellular CTLA-4 was found increased in the CD3-negative cell population, presumably B cells. Finally, there was no preferential expression of CTLA-4 transcripts in RA. Altogether, these results suggest that patients with RA had mild elevation of sCTLA-4 that may result from an increased expression of CTLA-4 in 'non T' cell subsets. RA is a chronic joint disease characterized by a major infiltration of the synovium by T cells. These cells are activated with the main implication of the CD28/CTLA-4 -CD80/CD86 ligand pairs. Altered cell surface expression of CD28, CTLA-4, CD80, and CD86 has been described in RA [32]. Thus, high levels of sCTLA-4 (whatever the producing cell was) may sustain T cell activation leading to inflammation and 'autoaggression', as observed in other autoimmune diseases. Reduced CTLA-4 expression in Treg can be related to defective function previously reported in RA [33,34]. A recent study reports that diminished CTLA-4 expression by Treg from RA patients was related to an increase rate of CTLA-4 internalization after activation [34].

Conclusions
Similar to other autoimmune diseases [16,17], SpA are characterized by high serum sCTLA-4 levels with a significant and positive correlation with disease activity. These high levels of circulating sCTLA-4 in SpA were not explained by altered intracellular expression of CTLA-4, but by a preferential expression of the spliced form of CTLA-4 transcripts, a result that was not observed in RA. This suggests a potential immunologic role for sCTLA-4 in SpA. These results also indicate that sCTLA-4 could potentially be used as a surrogate marker for measuring disease activity in SpA.
Finally, the implication of sCTLA-4 in SpA also suggests the potential use of agents blocking costimulation pathways in this group of disorders. Indeed, a recent manuscript reports the use of abatacept -the fusion protein associating the CTLA-4 extracellular domain and the constant fragment region of