Towards a better understanding of the role of psychological variables in arthritis outcome research

In the previous issue of Arthritis Research and Therapy, Brionez and colleagues show that helplessness, depression, and passive coping account for significant variability in self-reported functional limitations in patients with ankylosing spondylitis, beyond the effect of age, inflammation and radiographic damage. Since the perspective of the patients in the experience of health is increasingly important, insight into the type of psychological variables, the pathways by which they influence health and the approaches for how to deal with these variables are challenging.


What are psychological variables?
Psychology is the discipline that attempts to understand the role of mental functions in individual and social behavior. In medicine, psychology became more widely integrated when the biopsychosocial model of disease was adopted by the World Health Organization, through the approval of the International Classifi cation of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) (Figure 1) as the framework and classifi cation of health.
In the biopsychosocial model, functioning and health results from a complex interplay of the health compo nentsbody functions and structures, activities and parti ci pationand the contextual factors -environmental factors and personal factors [2]. In the ICF, psychological variables can be found either within the body functions or within the personal factors. Depression, as in the study by Brionez and coworkers [1], is part of the body functions (emotional function) -and as such can be the direct consequence of the health condition or an emotional reaction to the presence of the disease. Th e increased prevalence of depression in patients with infl ammatory rheumatological diseases is partly attri buted to a direct eff ect of cytokines, including IL-1, IL-6 and TNFα [3,4]. On the other hand, helplessness or internality (beliefs about the controll ability of a disease) [5] and coping (cognitive and behavioral strategies that persons develop when confronted with stressors) [6] are considered personal factors as they determine the individual psychological context through which a health condition can aff ect functioning and disability (including depression). Th e ICF framework also recognizes that the personal factors are not necessarily fi xed, but can be infl uenced by aspects of health. Th e learned helplessness theory showed that the severity and unavoidability of a

Abstract
In the previous issue of Arthritis Research and Therapy, Brionez and colleagues show that helplessness, depression, and passive coping account for signifi cant variability in self-reported functional limitations in patients with ankylosing spondylitis, beyond the eff ect of age, infl ammation and radiographic damage. Since the perspective of the patients in the experience of health is increasingly important, insight into the type of psychological variables, the pathways by which they infl uence health and the approaches for how to deal with these variables are challenging. (health-related) stressor makes a vulnerable personality more likely to become helpless [7].
Brionez and colleagues admit that the cross-sectional design of the present study will not be able to unravel directionality or causality of the interplay between psychological variables and health [1]. Th eir analyses merely describe associations -nothing more, but also nothing less. Th e strength of this study is that not just one psychological variable but a broad range of psychological variables, each representing a diff erent construct, were analyzed in one study. Each construct considered was shown to be independently important.
Remarkably, those psycho lo gical variables considered negative (depression, helpless ness and passive coping) were associated with worse self-reported physical function, while positive beliefs (inter nality and active/ adaptive coping) were not associated with better physical function. Th is observation contradicts the impression of rheuma tologists that persons with ankylosing spondylitis adapt positively to their (slowly progressing) disease, and tend to underestimate the health impact of the disease. In clinimetric research, adaptation is seen as the major mechanism of a positive reference shift, which refers to the idea that patients do not rate their health in reference to an absolute standard but in reference to a relative standard that shifts over time [8]. Th e fact that active/ adaptive coping in this study is not associated with better self-reported functioning does not exclude that a reference shift towards under-reporting takes place. It could be that a positive reference shift through adaptation is present but cannot be picked up by the instruments used in the study, or that adaptation is not the major determinant of a positive reference shift.

How to deal further with psychological variables in rheumatology outcome research
Th e main challenge emerging from the manuscript of Brionez and colleagues is how to deal with the role of psychological variables in self-reported outcomes in ankylosing spondylitis and likely in rheumatology in general. Th is issue probably becomes increasingly important. With earlier and powerful treatments, a diagnosis (a stressful event!) may impact the patient in terms of mental and behavioral beliefs, and will probably infl uence the experience of health. Existing research suggests that psychological factors not only aff ect self-reported physical health in ankylosing spondy litis, but also mental health and worker participation, pointing to the societal relevance of the issue [9]. Along this line, it should also be realized that indirect utility instruments, such as the EuroQol 5 dimensions and Short-form 6 dimensions, are primarily based on self-reported health profi les [10,11]. Th e self-report profi les are mapped only in a second step onto societal preferences, which then provide the quality of life years that are considered by decision-makers when interpreting cost-utility ratios during allocation of resources. Th is contradicts with the paradigm in health economics that 'objective' societal preferences should be used, with the aim of avoiding the infl uence of 'subjective' mechanisms such as coping [12]; clearly EuroQol and Short-form health profi les are patient-reported and therfore lack the objectivity strived after. Further research into the causal (temporal) relation between the type and strengths of stressful (health) events on psychological variables and biomedical factors would help improve our understanding of, and insight into, health outcomes. Identifi cation of a core set of psychological variables from the increasingly large number on off er, and consensus on the instruments used to measure them, is one of the necessary steps. Selfreported instru ments are not necessarily imperfect; it is rather our means of interpretation and our methods to assess and analyze them that need to be improved.
Abbreviations ICF = International Classifi ciation of Functioning, Disability and Health; IL = interleukin; TNF = tumor necrosis factor.