Altered lipoprotein metabolism in chronic inflammatory states: proinflammatory high-density lipoprotein and accelerated atherosclerosis in systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis

Table 2 Lipid levels and carotid plaque in patients with rheumatic diseases [47–50, 55–59]

	Increase in risk for atherosclerosis	Total cholesterol	LDL-C	HDL-C	Triglycerides	OxLDL	Anti-oxLDL	PiHDL	Plaque/IMT on carotid ultrasound
SLE	OR 7 (general), 50 (females 35 to 44 years old)	Normal	Normal	↓ or normal	Normal	↑	↑	↑↑	↑ plaque all ages
									Decade 3: 6%
									Decade 4: 13%
									Decade 5: 33%
									Decade 6: 73%
Rheumatoid arthritis	3	↓ or normal	↓ or normal	↓	↑	↑	↑	↑	↑ plaque all ages
									Decade 3: 7%
									Decade 4: 52%,
									Decade 5: 52%
Psoriatic arthritis	1.6	↑ or normal	↓ or ↑	↓	Not done	Not done	Not done	Not done	↑ IMT overall
Ankylosing spondylitis	1.6	↑ or normal	↑	↓	Not done	Not done	Not done	Not done	↑ IMT in patients with high BASMI score
Vasculitis	Not found	Normal	Normal	Normal	Normal	Not done	↑	Not done	↑ plaque: 58%

↑, increased; ↑↑, significantly increased; ↓, decreased; BASMI, Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Metrology Index; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; IMT, intima-media thickness; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; OR, odds ratio; oxLDL, oxidized low-density lipoprotein; piHDL, proinflammatory high-density lipoprotein; SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus.

ISSN: 1478-6362