Energy metabolism and rheumatic diseases: from cell to organism

Table 1 Energy/ATP-consuming functions of immune cells

Function	ATP-dependent process	References
Housekeeping function
Active transport of molecules and ions	Na⁺ K⁺-ATPase Ca²⁺-ATPase	[1, 79]
Macromolecule synthesis	Protein synthesis RNA/DNA synthesis	[79, 80]
Specific immune functions
Motor functions
Cytoskeletal rearrangement	Actomyosin-ATPase	[1, 81]
Transendothelial migration	Rho-GTPase	[82]
Antigen processing and presentation
Proteasomal protein degradation (for example, 26S)	AAA-ATPases	[83]
Antigen processing	ATP-binding cassette transporter associated with antigen processing	[84]
Endosomal acidification	Vacuolar-type H⁺-ATPase	[85]
Activation functions
Ion pumps to restore ion gradients	Na⁺ K⁺-ATPase Ca²⁺-ATPase	[79]
Macromolecule synthesis	Protein synthesis RNA/DNA synthesis	[79, 80]
Effector functions
Perforin-based cytoxicity	Vacuolar-type H+-ATPase	[86]
Macrophage bacterial activity	Copper-transporting ATPase	[87]
Macrophage membrane permeabilization and inhibition of regulatory T cells	Activation of purinergic receptor P2X7 by extracellular ATP_e	[88, 89]

ISSN: 1478-6362