Table 2 Effect of pioglitazone on rheumatoid arthritis disease activity, inflammation and insulin resistance a
Measurement | Pioglitazone phase | Placebo phase | Pioglitazone treatment effect | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline | Week 8/week 20 | Baseline | Week 8/week 20 | Effect | P-value | |
(SD) | (SD) | (SD) | (SD) | (95% CI) | ||
DAS28-CRP | 4.40 | 4.03 | 4.57 | 4.48 | −9.3% | 0.046 |
(1.00) | (1.15) | (1.28) | (1.20) | (−17.6 to −0.17%) | ||
DAS28-ESR | 4.56 | 4.37 | 4.85 | 4.57 | 0.6% | 0.92 |
(1.39) | (1.28) | (1.56) | (1.63) | (−10.3 to 12.7%) | ||
Swollen joints (n) | 6.6 | 6.46 | 8.2 | 7 | 0.3 | 0.77 |
(3.7) | (4.79) | (5.6) | (5.11) | (−1.4 to 1.9) | ||
Tender joints (n) | 9.6 | 8.54 | 11.5 | 10.35 | −0.7 | 0.54 |
(6.89) | (7.28) | (8.1) | (8.23) | (−2.9 to 1.5) | ||
VAS (mm) | 44.9 | 42.04 | 48.0 | 49.46 | −10.7 | 0.042 |
(24.7) | (28.39) | (31.2) | (23.62) | (−20.9 to −0.4) | ||
CRP (mg/dl) | 8.1 | 5.02 | 7.7 | 8.25 | −48.6% | <0.001 |
(11.41) | (7.64) | (13.6) | (10.32) | (−63.5 to −27.6%) | ||
ESR (mm/h) | 18.5 | 17 | 19.5 | 18.88 | 21.3% | 0.32 |
(18.2) | (17.06) | (20) | (20.80) | (−16.9 to 77%) | ||
IL-6 (pg/ml) | 5.41 | 2.38 | 8.67 | 6.47 | −67.0% | 0.01 |
(7.88) | (4.05) | (19.31) | (14.40) | (−84.6 to −28.2%) | ||
TNF-α (pg/ml) | 9.90 | 9.50 | 13.40 | 9.71 | 6.0% | 0.71 |
(10.64) | (10.56) | (19.41) | (7.91) | (−22.7 to 46.2%) | ||
MHAQ (units) | 0.55 | 0.54 | 0.56 | 0.59 | −4.3% | 0.51 |
(0.37) | (0.39) | (0.35) | (0.36) | (−16.2 to 9.3%) | ||
HOMA (units) | 2.83 | 2.44 | 2.38 | 3.11 | −26.4% | 0.025 |
(2.50) | (2.08) | (1.75) | (3.47) | (−43.8 to −3.7%) | ||