Table 1 Histological changes of bone marrow edema-like lesions in osteoarthritic subchondral bone

Human

Knee

Bergman et al.[105]

1.Thickening trabeculae

2. Bone marrow fibrosis

Knee

Zanetti et al.[106]

1. Normal tissue: fatty marrow (53%), intact trabeculae (16%), blood vessels (2%)

2. Abnormal tissue: bone marrow necrosis (11%), necrotic or remodeled trabeculae (8%), bone marrow fibrosis (4%), bone marrow edema (4%), bone marrow bleeding (2%)

Knee

Hunter et al.[104]

1. Sclerotic trabeculae

2. Abnormal marrow infiltration: granulation, edema, diffuse necrosis, fibrosis, hyperplasia of blood vessel walls

Knee

Kazakia et al.[107]

1. Sclerotic trabeculae

2. Abnormal marrow infiltration: fibrous collagen, woven bone

Canine

Knee

Nolte-Ernsting et al.[108]

1. Osteosclerosis

2. Intra-osseous cysts

3. Abnormal marrow infiltration: fibrosis, new bone formation

Knee

Baird et al.[109]

1. Remodeled trabeculae

2. Myxomatous fibro-reactive marrow, increased hemato/myelopoietic elements and vascular congestion

Knee

Martig et al.[110]

Hematopoiesis and myxomatous transformation of the bone marrow, fibrosis